D 570 

c8 c2 REPORT 

Copy 1 



OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE 



California 
State Council of Defense 

FROM APRIL 6, 1917 
TO JANUARY 1, 1918 



CALIFOR^■IA STATE PRINTING OFFICE 

SACRAMENTO 

19 18 



REPORT 



OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE 



California 
State Council of Defense 



FROM APRIL 6, 1917 
TO JANUARY 1, 1918 



GovERXOR William D. Stephens - - - Chairman 
A. H. Naftzger ----- J' ice Chairman 

WiLTJAM V. Cowan . - - . - Secretary 

Leo C. Owen _ . _ Director of IFar Publicity 



36529 



CAl lI'OliMA STATE PRINTING OFFICE 
SACRAMENTO 

19 18 



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9. Of D. 

\Pn 4 19J3 



CONTENTS. 



Page 
l.KGISLATIVK ACT CRKATING COUNCIL , 5 

MEMBER}^ OF COUNCIL (i 

(YJMMITTEES OF COUXC 11 7 

STATE WAR OR(^AMZA'l KiX WORK 10 

COUNT COUNCILS OF DEFENSE 10 

BULLETINS TO COUNTY COUNCILS 11 

INCREASED CROP PRODUCTION 17 

FOOD CONSERVA'IION AND WASTE PREVEN'lION 18 

FARM LABOR •» 

WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE WAR 2:5 

MILITARY WELFARi: COMMISSION -i!) 

FARM LOANS 38 

FOUR MINUTE SPEAKERS 40 

PUBLICITY 41 

PUBLIC SECURITY 43 

SURVEY OF COUNTY DEFENSE WORK 44 

PETROLEUM INVES'IIGATION AND REPORT 44 

SANTA CRUZ SURVEY 44 

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 15 

DRAFT REGISTRATION 45 

ENLISTMENTS 45 

WAR INVENTIONS 45 

COOPERATION WITH FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 46 

SHIPWORKERS REGISTRATION 47 

LETTERS FROM NATIONAL COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 48 

SUMMARY 4ti 



INTRODUCTORY. 

The special war emergency bill authorizing the Governor of California 
to create the California State Council of Defense was passed to enroll- 
ment b}^ the state legislature on^pril 29, 1916, and approved by the / - 
Governor on the same day. The bill as signed by the Governor pro- 
vides as follows: ^approved marcU 2.% \'=\i1. £^ 

[copy of bill.] "^^^^i^-^iT^- '~^=^^''\"i3te4 5u^pl . io "tb 
Codes .<^\ of- C^\iT'0^ ic\i5r.-. cW^yi^S 
An act to create a State Council of Defense to make investigations into the effect of \^=\\.'\^^ \^\ 
the occurrence of war upon the civil and economic life of the i^cople of the State , .„»/ 
of California; to recommend to the Governor measures to provide for the public \ __l!y*^ 
security, the better protection of public health, a fuller development of the v ,• . 
economic resources of the state and the encouragement of military training; to <.^'- 
• impose upon public officers certain duties in connection hercicithj and to make St 
aj)propriution for the purposes of this act. 

The People of the State of California do enact as follows: 

Section 1. There is herebj' created a council, known as the State Council of 
Defense, to consist of not more than thirty-three members who shall be appointed 
by the Governor, to serve at his pleasure, from among those holding public office 
under the State of California, from among the personnel of the army and navy of 
the United States and other branches of the national administration with the consent 
of federal authority, from members of the staif of the University of California and 
from qualified citizens of the state and nation. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State Council of Defense at once to take 
under consideration the effects of the occurrence of war upon the people of the State 
of California ; to consider measures for public defense and security, for the pi'otection 
of routes of communication, for the betterment and protection of public health, for 
the public care and assistance of individuals and classes upon whom the hardships 
occasioned by war would fall most heavily, for the fuller development of the resources 
of the state, particularly those from which are derived the supplies of food and other 
commodities upon which the conduct of war makes especial drain ; to encourage the 
military training of the citizens of the state; to examine into measures to increase 
the public revenue to meet war demands and to effect the elimination of waste and 
extravagance ; and to consider measures to be taken to meet the exigencies of all 
situations occasioned by war. 

Sec. 3. The Governor shall be ex officio chairman of the State Council of 
Defense. He shall designate the vice chairman, and shall appoint an executive com- 
mittee and such subcommittees as he shall deem advisable. He shall have power to 
employ such assistance and to make such expenditures as he may deem necessary 
to carry out the purposes of this act. He may. when he deems it expedient, dissolve 
the State Council of Defense or cause its activities to be suspended or terminated. 

Sec. 4. Members of the State Council of Defense shall serve without pay. but 
shall be reimbursed for their actual and necessary expenses incurred in the perform- 
ances of their duties hereunder : provided, however, that the vice chairman shall 
devote his entire time to the work of the State Council of Defense and shall receive 
such compensation as the Governor may determine. 

Sec. 5. The headquarters of said council shall be in the state capitol, but the 
Governor may establish branch offices elsewhere and may call meetings to be held 
at such times and places as he may deem expedient. It shall be the duty of every 
public officer, board, or commission of the State of California to render to the Gov- 
ernor and to the State Covincil of Defense, at the request of the Governor, all possible 
assistance and to make such investigations and supply such data as the Governor 
may at any time requii'e. 
2—36529 



6 REPORT UF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 

Sec. ti. 'L'lie .sum of one Imimri'd thousaiul tlollars is hereby appvopnated out ot 
any money in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, to carry out the pur- 
poses of this act. The state controller is hereby authorized and directed to draw 
his warrants in favor of the (iovernor from time to time in such sums as the Gov- 
ernor may desi.iiuate, and the state treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to 
pay the same. This appropriation is hereby exempted from the operation of the 
provisions of section six hundred seventy-two of the Political Code ; providvd, how- 
ever, that no liability in excess of one hundred dollars shall be incurred without the 
approval of the Governor: iuul proridcfl. further, that the State Council of Defense 
shall submit to the legislature, throush the Governor, a report including as full a 
statement of the activities of the council as is consistent with the public interest, 
together with an account of the exiwnditures made by the council, or authorized by it, 
in as full detail as the public interest will permit. 

Sec. 7. Inasmuch as the President of the United States has called the congress 
to meet in special session to consider measures for the national defense and has 
summoned the national guard of the State of California, it is hereby declared that 
this act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace and safety, 
and that under the provisions of section one of article four of the constitution an 
urgency exists, and this act shall take effect immediately. 

On April 5 Governor Stephens made public the names of the 33 men 
and women who compose the council and at the same time advised 
them to hold themselves in readiness for a sudden meeting call at the 
State Capitol in Sacramento. The personnel of the council, consisting 
of 33 men and women, drawn from various walks of life, and intended 
in their entirety to give to the complete council a thorough grasp upon 
the many and varied problems which might confront such a state defense 
organization, at the present time, is as follows : 

Anderson. Hon. Aldeu, Capital National Bank. Sacramento. Cal. 

Barrows. Dr. David P., University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 

Britton. John A., Pacific Gas and Electric Co., San Francisco. Cal. 

Bentley. Chas. H.. California Fruit Canners' Association, San Francisco, Cal. 

Brown. Seth. 446 I. W. Hellmau Building, Los Angeles, Cal. 

Byrne. John J.. Traffic Manager, Santa Fe Railroad. Los Angeles, Cal. 

Borree. Gen. .7. J.. Forum Building, Sacramento, Cal. 

Bull. Ralph W., Eureka, Cal. 

Cable. :Mrs. II. A.. 1906 W. Forty-second place, Los Angeles, Cal. 

I^avidsou. G. A., Panama-California Exposition, San Diego, Cal. 

Davis. Hon. J. O.. United States Collector of Port. San Francisco, Cal. 

DeMotte, Marshall T.. Chairman State Board of Control, Sacramento. Cal. 

Dickson. Edward A.. 1(;31 Cimarron street, Los Angeles, Cal. 

Ebright. Dr. George E.. 20{;> Post street, San Francisco, Cal. 

Fleishhacker. Mortimer, Anglo-California Trust Company, San Francisco, Cal. 

Fletcher. Austin B.. Forum Building. Sacramento, Cal. 

Flint. Frank P., Title Insurance Building, Los Angeles, Cal. 

Haynes. Dr. John R.. 2324 South Figueroa street, Los Angeles, Cal. 

McCarthy, Hon. P. IL, 025 Market street, San Francisco, Cal. 

Meek. B. B., Oroville, California. 

Merritt, Ralph P.. Federal Food Administration for California. San Franci$co, 

Cal. 
Moore. Miss Ethel, 11(48 Sixth avenue. Oakland, Cal. 

Naftzger. A. H. (Los Angeles), 724 Phelan Building, San Francisco, Cal. 
O'Connell. John A., 2940 Sixteenth street, San Francisco, Cal. 
Rowell, Chester H., Fresno, California. 
Sproule. Wm., Flood Building, San Francisco, Cal. 



REPORT OF STATE COFNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



■Sehei-er, Dr. Jaiiios, A. L>. Throop lustitute of Techuology, Pasadena. Cal. 

Thomas. Rear- Admiral Chaimcey, Pacific Grove, Cal. 

'i'olliurst. Mrs. Shelley, 35oS Wilshire boulevard, Los Augeles, Cal. 

Wheeler. Dr. Benjamin Ide, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 

Webi). lion. U. S., Humboldt Bank Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

Will)ur. Dr. Kay Lyman, Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal. 

On April 6, in response to a telegraphic call from the Governor, the 
Htate t'oimcil of Defense met in its first session at Sacramento, with 
all of the 33 members in attendance. Governor Stephens, ex officio 
chairman of the conneil, who presided at the first meeting of that body, 
named A. II. Naftzger to officiate as vice chairman and to direct the 
aetivitie.s of the council. At the first meeting there were created 17 
separate committees, each committee delegated to handle a separate 
phase in the problem of state preparedness. These committees, the 
names of which are explanatory of the work which they are doing, 
togethei- with other committees appointed since that time, with their 
chairmen and personnel, are as follows: 



A. II. 



Executirc. 
Naftzger. Vhninnuii. 



Benjamin Ide Wheeler 
.William Sproule 
Austin B. Fletcher 
Mortimer Fleishhacker 



General J. .J. Borree 
Rear-Admiral Thomas 



John J. Byrne 
G. A. Davidson 



Bay Lyman Wilbur 
B. B. Meek 



Marshall T. DeMotte 
Edward A. Dickson 
Chester II. Rowell 
Public Defease and Securiti/. 
General J. J. Borree, Chairman. 



Trcinsi)ortatioii. 
WiLLiAii Sproule, Chuinnan. 



Hi(jhicays and Routes of Travel. 
Austin B. Fletcher, Chairman. 



Dr. 



Public Health and Sanitation. 
George E. Ebright, Chairman. 



Dr. John R. Haynes 
Mrs. Shelley Tolhurst 



Mrs. Herbert A. Cable 
Miss Ethel Moore 



Alden Anderson 
U. S. Webb 
P. II. McCarthy 
Ralph P. Merritt 



U. S. \Vel)b 
David 1'. Barrows 



Austin B. Fletcher 
John A. Britton 



Ralph W. Bull 
Marshall T. DeMotte 



P. II. McCarthy 
John J. Byrne 



Dr. 



Relief. 
JOHX R. Hayxes, Chairman. 



Resources and Food Supplies. 
Benjamin Ipe Wheeler, Chairman. 



John A. O'Conuell 
Benjamin Ide Wheeler 



Charles H. Beutley 
B. B. :Meek 



William Sproule 
J. O. Davis 



Chester II. Rowell 
Ralph W. Bull 



Oil and Other Fuel Supplies. 
Edward L. Doheny, Chairman. 



Publication. 
Edward A. Dickson. Chairman. 



Miss Ethel Moore 
John A. 0"Conuell 



Alden Anderson 
Frank I'. Flint 



Mrs. Herbert A. Cable 
David P. Barrows 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



MiJitary Training. 
jAjiES A. B. Sc'iiERER, CIkiIiiuuii. 



General J. J. Borrec 
Seth Brown 



Mortimer Fleishhacker 
Edward A. Dickson 



Marsliall T. DeMotte 
Kear- Admiral Thomas 



Piihlic Revenue and Finance. 
Marshall T. DeMotte, Chairman. 



Aldeu Anderson 
(}. A. Davidson 



Manufactories. 
Charles II. Bentley, Chairman. 



Mortimer Fleishhacker 
Edward L. Doheny 



James A. B. Scherer 
Ray Lyman Wilbur 
George C. Reeding 



Frank P. Flint 
Marshall T. DeMotte 

Seth Brown 

P. H. McCarthy 
Seth R. Brown 



Scien tific Research . 
Dr. John C. Merriam, Chairman. 

F. :M. Newbert 
(ieorge H. Hecke 

La w. 
U. S. Webb, Chairman. 

Federal Relations. 
Frank P. Flint, Chairman. 

Dishitrsements. 
Alden Anderson, Chairman. 
John J. Byrne 

Labor. 
John A. 0"Counell 
John A. Brittou 



.Tohn A. Britton 
Frank P. Flint 



Chester H. Rowell 
Dr. George. E. Ebright 
Fletcher Hamilton 



Marshall T. DeMotte 



p](lward A. Dickson 



^lortimer Fleishhacker 



Mortimer Fleishhacker 
Edward L. Doheny 



In addition to the foregoing- committees consisting of members of the 
State Council of Defense, there also have been created the following 
committees, with the following well-known Californians as members 
thereof : 

ShiphuihUiig. 
P. H. McCarthy C. L. Cory Col. W. H. Holabird 

Edward Christenson F. W. Kellogg Mrs. Frank A. Gibson 



Wallace M. Alexander 
Rolla V. Watt 



Military Welfare Commission. 
Warben Olney, Chairman. 

Fred E. Lindley 



Dr. Milbank Johnson 
George W. Marston 



Farm Lahor Committee 
Alden Anderson, Chairman, Sacramento 



F. B. McKevitt, Sacramento 
A. L. Wisker, Grass Valley 
P. F. Coggswell, El Monte 
Roger C. Edwards, Saticoy 
C. C. Chapman, FuUertou 



W. S. Guilford. Willows 
Albert Lindley. Stockton 
John M. Perry, Stockton 
W. D. Egilbert, Willows 
Wiley ^I. Giffen. Fresno 



A. R. Hebbron, Salinas 
C. O. Bullis, El Centro 
A. R. Bates. Modesto 
P. J. Dreher, Pomona 
Ben F. Rush. Suisun 



It has been through these committees and witli the State Council 
of Defense acting as a director of their activities, that we have sought 
to carry out California's share in the nation's war activities. 

A. H. XAFTZGER. Vice Chairman. 



KKI'ORT OK STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



REPORT OF THE VICE CHAIRMAN. 



San Francisco, March 1, 1918. 
To the Honorable WiUlani D. SiepheuSf 
Govfrnor of California, 

Sacranieiito, California. 

My dear Governor: I respectfully submit herewith a summary of 
the general activities of the California State Council of Defense under 
my direction as vice chairman since April 6, 1917, when the state council 
was first organized, up to January 1, 1918. 

This report is not intended to cover in complete detail the operations 
of the state council, for its activities have been rather too numerous and 
diverse to cover at this time in the fullness desired. Complete details 
of various lines of endeavor, however, are set forth most fully in reports 
filed by the various committees which have been intrusted with various 
lines of state war work. For very obvious reasons, too, it would be 
injudicious at this time to publish fully some of the reports submitted 
by several of our most active committees. These detailed reports, how^- 
ever, are at all times accessible to you upon your request. 

As a prelude to entering upon a review of the several more important 
fields of activity of the State Council of Defense in the work of putting 
our state upon a thorough, systematized war preparedness basis and 
in co-operating to the limit of our abilities in our government's war 
j)rogram, it is perhaps justifiable that I call attention to the most 
serious obstacle with which all state councils of defense have been con- 
fronted in carrying on their work. I refer to the general condition of 
apathy and refusal on the part of manj- of our otherwise loyal Amer- 
ican citizens to consider the seriousness of the war task in which the 
nation is engaged — a condition which at the outset of the war activities 
of our national government was quite general and which, although it 
has been done awa^^ with to a large extent, is still prevalent enough to 
constitute a handicap. It is my belief, however, that as the war pro- 
gresses our people here in California have from day to day come to 
realize more clearly the issues involved, and in consequence there has 
been awakened throughout the entire state and nation a commendable 
spirit of enthusiastic patriotism and a desire to give active and efficient 
co-operation. 

From the outset of our activities in California it has been our desire 
and aim to co-operate as closely and effectually as possible with the 
Council of National Defense in Washington, composed as it is of the 



]0 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

]'i'esident's official family or cabinet members, and in its instructions 
to the various state councils of defense, supposedly carrying out the 
official opinions and desires of the government itself. 

State war organization work. 

With the inception of the state council and the organization of its 
various committees, the fir.st steps taken were for the formation of local 
or decentralized organizations in various parts of the state, the work 
of these organizations being in pursuance of plans and instructions 
announced by the State Council of Defense and in the handling of 
situations and problems which were largely local and of which the 
centralized state body had no knowledge or cognizance. At its incep- 
tion the work of the state council in local organization was confined 
to practically two bodies, viz : 

1. County Council of Defense. 

2. Women's War Work Activities. 

Under these two principal branches of the state council there have 
been co-ordinated the activities of practically all civic, faternal and 
patriotic organizations in each of the 58 counties of the state. 

County councils of defense. 

There have been organized in all of the 58 counties of the state 
what are known as county councils of defense, which are the direct 
representatives in each county of the State Council of Defense and 
which exercise supervision and authority in all forms of county defense 
work. These count}^ councils of defense in each county are comprised 
of the presiding judge of the superior court, who acts as t-hairman, the 
district attorney, the sheriif, the chairman of the board of supervisors,, 
the chairman of the county women's committee of the national and state 
councils of defense, the county clerk, and in counties where large cities 
are located the mayor and chief of police of such cities. In many 
counties the county farm adviser is also a member of the County 
Council of Defense. These county councils of defense are patterned 
after and have the same committees and follow out the same general 
lines of activity as the State Council of Defense. 

In a large number of counties, in addition to the county farm adviser, 
the county horticultural commissioner, who is in thorough touch with 
agricultural conditions in his county, also is a member of the county 
councils of defense. In several countit^ of the state, wliicli do not 
have county farm advisers, but which for several years have main- 
tained county horticultural commissioners, these commissioners have 
been of inestimable value, lioth in the campaign for increased crop 
production and in the handling of fai'ui labor problems. 



REPORT OF HTATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 11 

The creation of these eouneils has had a very far-reaehing effect in 
bringing the people of Califoi-nia to a more unified thought regarding 
our war problems and they have done heroic service in carrying forward 
the many projects whicli have been delegated to tliem both b>' tlie 
national and state councils of defense. 

As a part of the work done jointly by .state and connt>' councils of 
defense there have been issued to date by the State Council of Defense 
a total of 61 bulletins, which outline and direct the efforts of county 
councils of defense in practically as many fields of activity and 
organization work. 

Because the activities of both the State Council of Defense and the 
county councils of defense are largely reflected in these bulletins, here- 
with are given brief summaries of the text of each of these bulletins: 

Bitlh'tins ,Yo.s-. /, t ditd A. Instructious to presidiug- .iutlges of Superior Courts, 
district attorneys, and cliairnicn of boards of supervisors to organize in eacli county 
with the presiding Judges of the Sujx'i'ior Court acting as chairmen of county councils 
of defense. 

Bulletin i\o. Ij. Instructing county councils of defense to immediately inaugurate 
campaigns for increased crop production and to take steps for the safeguarding of 
irrigation systems, ])ower systems and similar public utilities. 

liuUctin No. 5. Calling upon county councils of defense to make brief but imme- 
diate reports and to offer suggestions regarding increased food production and 
conservation. Coincident with this bulletin, there was also sent to all other state 
councils of defense at that time organized, requests for information on questions 
relating to security and resources of every character having to do with state defense 
work. 

Bullvtln, No. 6. Detailed instructions to county councils of defense covering such 
subjects as : 

(a) Unusual vigilance by sheriff, district attorney and peace officers against 
enemy plots and propaganda. 

(h) T'rging energetic and systematic campaign for increased crop production. 

(c) Kecommending that the chief of police and the chairman of each county board 
of supervisors be appointed to the county council. 

(d) Urging the organization of home guard companies under chapter 159 of the 
laws of 1911, making them amenable to call for service by the state in the event of 
emergency. 

(c) Urging apijropriatiou by county board of supervisors to provid(> for necessary 
operating expenses of count.y councils of defense. 

Bulletin No. 7. Instructions to county councils of defense to forward immediately 
to the state council complete lists of names and addresses of members. 

Bulletin. No. 8. Notifying county councils of defense that the Committee on 
Resources and Food Supply of the State Council of Defense, working through the 
Agricultural College of the University of California, will be in charge of a state-wide 
campaign for increased crop production and urging county councils of defense to 
inaugurate educational campaigns for increased food production and conservation. 
Each county council is urged to create the following committees : 

(«) Resources and Food Supply to carry on campaigns for food conservation, 
home planting and to furnish infonuation to farmers regarding needed crops. 

(b) Public Defense and Security. 

(c) Public Health and Sanitation, 
(c/l Relief. 

The same bulletin also urges that county councils of defease secure the co-operation 
of local banks in assisting farmers to secure seed, fertilizer, etc. 



12 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

Bulletin No. 9. Instructious to county councils of defense which had not already 
sent in lists of members to immediately comply with previous order. 

Bulletin No. 10. Assuring- farmers w^io had planted additional land to crops that 
the State Council of Defense was taking steps to insure adequate farm labor to 
harvest such increased crops. County councils of defense also urged to send out 
public speakers in each county to urge increased crop production. 

Bulletin Xo. 11. Urging county councils of defense to arrange Decoration Day 
programs for the building up of more enthusiastic patriotism. 

Bulletin Xo. 12. Instructing county councils of defense to appoint special com- 
mittees to make investigations regarding the farm labor situation in each county, 
such investigation to provide as close an estimate as is possible of the number of 
Workers required to harvest crops. Instructions also given that peace officers round 
u]) unemployed persons and wherever possible put such unemployed persons in touch 
with farmers needing workers. Business men are also warned in this bulletin that 
a farm labor shortage is to be expected and that they should make provisions for 
permitting their clerical help to go into the field to help harvest crops. 

Bulletin No. 13. Questionnaire form to be circulated among farmers through 
county councils of defense regarding planting of increased crops and seeking infor- 
mation regarding the number of extra farm laborers which may be necessary to 
harvest such increased crops. 

Bulletin Xo. I4. Calling upon city dwellers to plant home gardens and advising 
them where proper instructions for cultivation of such gardens may be secured. 

Bulletin No. 15. Instructions to county councils of defense to immediately make 
as full a report as possible of their activities to the State Council of Defense. In 
the same bulletin couuty councils of defense were notified that irrigation companies 
throughout the state had been instructed that they should supply irrigation water to 
applicants outside of their regular districts without jeopardizing their legal rights, 
as a result of a special war emergency act by the state legislature. 

Bulletin. No. 16. Notifying county councils of defense that the handling of the 
farm labor problem had been placed in the hands of the Committee on Resources and 
Food Supply of the State Council of Defense and that immediate steps were being 
takeii by that body to co-ordinate all available agencies such as federal and state 
employment bureau systems in the handling of the problem. Organization of farmers' 
committees in each county is urged. In conjunction with this bulletin post-card 
questionnaires regarding their probable farm labor needs were sent to all farmers 
in the agricultural counties of the state. 

Bulletin No. 17. Instructing county councils to inaugurate campaigns for the 
l)lanting of garden truck on vacant lots and also urging the creation of co-operative 
markets for the sale of surplus food ]iroducts. 

The same bulletin also urges county councils of defense to organize fire fighting 
companies in grain growing districts to combat grain fires. 

Bulletin No. IS. Notifying county councils of defense that congress was to 
appropriate funds with which to pay salaries of county farm advisers and urging 
county councils to take steps toward securing their county boards of supervisors 
suflicient appropriation to defray the expenses of such farm advisers when appointed. 

The same bulletin includes blank forms to be used by farm labor committees in 
each county for listing men who will be available for farm work during harvest 
season. 

Bulletin No. 19. Instructions to canning concerns throughout the state that 
because of a threatened shortage of tinplate. which is needed for the packing of 
perishable crops, containers other than tin be used for the packing of nonperishable 
foodstuffs. 

Bulletin No. 20. This bulletin is supplementary to Bulletin No. 19 and conveys 
to canuers throughout the state the recommendation made at a conference of repre- 
sentatives of tin-plate manufacturers, tin can manufacturers, National Canners 
Association and the National Wholesale Grocers Association, "That no cans what- 
ever should ))e used for the packing of nonperishable food products or nonfood prod- 
ucts wliert' such use would divert the supply from the conservation of perishable 



RKI'ORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 13 

i'riiit ami \t'.m'tables. for a period »f sixty days, or until such time as there should be 
assured a sufficient can supply to amply care for the pack of the season. 

Biillcfiii Xo. 21. Advising county councils of defense that every available pound 
■of foodstuffs will be needed and that the entire country will undoubtedly face a food 
shortage, and urging that energetic campaigns be conducted both for increased crop 
production and for food conservation. 

This same bulletin advises that s.vstomatic steps are being taken for the prevention 
of any serious farm labor shortage for the harvesting of increased crops. 

Bullet in. Xo. 22. Urging county councils of defense to inaugurate steps which 
will result in the mobilizing of city workers during vacation periods for farm work. 

The same bulletin advises that campaigns be conducted advising the public that if 
the fowl shortage is to be prevented during the winter months, all surplus food 
products must be canned and otherwise preserved for winter use. Instructions for 
promptly putting out grain field fires are also embodied in this bulletin. 

]hilleti)v So. 23. This bulletin, which covers four closely typewritten pages, 
embodies statements of President Wilson, Secretary of War Baker, and other govern- 
ment officials regarding the seriousness of the war situation and the necessity of 
co-ordinated action, and was sent to county councils for the purpose of taking fullest 
iidvantage of Decoration Day exercises for the building up of more enthusiastic 
patriotism in all parts of the state. 

Bulletin Xo. 2'f. Insti'uctions given to county councils that this is no time for 
idlers, and urging strict enforcement of vagrancy laws. Accompanying this bulletin 
was a statement to be given out to the local newspapers urging housewives not to 
feed beggars and to direct such mendicants to nearest peace oflScer, who would find 
work for them at a fair wage. 

Bulletin. Xo. 25. This bulletin advises county councils of defense regarding 
co-operation they are to give in the First Liberty Loan. 

BnUctiii Xo. 26. This bulletin was accompanied by special instructions on home 
gardening, furnished through the courtesy of the San Francisco Call, and also notifies 
county councils a^d requests that they make public the fact that the University 
Extension of the University of California has arranged a correspondence course on 
war emergency studies and calls attention to that particular branch of the Extension 
Division which is intended "To promote the conservation and best use of food 
supplies." This bulletin also calls attention to a conference to consider the farm 
labor problem, which has been called by the Committee on Resources and Food 
Supply, and asking that the fullest co-operation be given in having producers in 
various counties send representatives to this conference. 

Bulletin Xo. 27. Particular attention of county councils of defense is called to 
the great danger of destruction of grain in fields and in stacks from fire, and the 
immediate providing of safeguards is strongly urged, in order to prevent such fires. 
It is also urged that steps be taken to provide guards for warehouses that are soon 
to be tilled with the results of the grain harvest. This bulletin recommends the 
organization of farmers in every district and unusual vigilance by peace officers to 
prevent incendiary fires. 

Bulletin Xo. 28. This bulletin requests county councils of defense to appoint a 
committee in each state to have direction of war activities, particularly with refer- 
ence to subscriptions and collections for relief. It is also recommended that the 
lied Cross shall have charge of the disbursement of all funds collected for such relief 
work. 

Bulletin Xo. 29. Instructions are given to county councils of defense to prepare 
to carry through a "recruiting day" in their various counties, during which everj- 
effort is to be made to bring the regular army up to its newly prescribed war strength. 

Bulletin Xo. 30. County councils of defense are instructed to send immediately 
to the State Council of Defense the names and addresses of the persons appointed to 
take charge of the farm labor problem in their respective counties. 

Bulletin Xo. 31. County councils of defense are urged to make preliminary 
preparation for Fourth of July celebrations, with the object of bringing about some 

3 — 36529 



14 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 

concerted and enthusiastic patriotism. They aue instructed in Fourth of Julj' 
programs to lay special stress in public speeches upon the causes of the war, the 
gravity of the situation, and the duty of all the people to support the government 
and to suggest practical ways in which patriotic people can find opportunities of 
service. 

Bulletin No. 31 A. County councils of defense are notified that Washington has 
called upon state councils of defense for the registering of all households for signed 
food pledges and that this campaign is to be in charge of the Women's Committee 
of the California State Council of Defense. The fullest co-operation of county 
branches of the State Women's Committee is urged. 

Bulletin No. 32. This bulletin urges county councils of defense to inaugurate 
speaking campaigns and to use its collective and individual influence in securing 
signed food pledges under the direction of the State Women's Committee. 

Bulletin No. 33. County councils of defense are requested to secure rough 
estimates regarding the available acreage of grain stubblefields which can be utilized 
for the grazing of cattle and sheep from denuded range areas. 

Bulletin No. 3Jf. This bulletin calls attention to danger of loss of grain and other 
food products from warehouse fires, and requests that county councils of defense 
immediately make report, stating what arrangements they have made to provide 
safeguards. 

Bulletin No. 35. County councils of defense are instructed to collect and dispose 
of excess farm and garden produce and distribute it to the needy or to public 
institutions, and to arrange for drying or preserving all such surplus products 
possible. This bulletin states that the purpose of the campaign for increased crop 
production was not to enable persons growing food products to market their crops at 
exorbitant war prices, but to assure a substantial supply of food at reasonable prices. 
The appointment of a committee in each county to handle the surplus food problem 
and where necessary to have markets found for surplus products is urged. 

Bulletin No. 36. This bulletin advises county councils of defense that there are 
four tractors in California and that about one-third of the work which can be done 
by these tractors is being wasted. County councils are urged to list all tractors 
and arrange with farmers for their use, systematizing their disposal, so that the 
maximum usefulness can be obtained. This bulletin also states that considerable 
work has been done toward organizing a company to own and supply tractors for 
use in localities where they are needed and can not be obtained. 

Bulletin No. 37. County councils of defense are instructed to take immediate 
steps toward keeping close check upon powder and dynamite and to notify the users 
of these explosives that they must be carefully guarded to preA^ent their falling into 
the hands of enemy aliens. 

Bulletin No. 38. This bulletin, covering three closely typewritten pages and 
including two forms of blanks, notifies all county councils of defense that there has 
been established in California a State Farm Labor Bureau, with county farm labor 
agents in each county, and this Farm Labor Bureau is working under the direction 
of the State Farm Labor Agent located at the College of Agriculture at the Uni- 
versity of California. The bulletin provides for the appointment of local farm labor 
agents in each town and farming district and each county, who shall be responsible 
to the county farm labor agent and who shall make weekly reports to him regarding 
farm labor needs, and the available farm workers. That each county farm labor 
agent shall make a weekly report of conditions obtaining in his county to the State 
Farm Labor Agent and that the State Farm Labor Agent, through the medium of 
these reports and through the aid of the state and federal employment bureaus, shall 
supply farm labor in localities where it is needed. 

Bulletin No. 39. This bulletin transmits to the county councils of defense a 
communication by the State Market Director to potato growers and other farmers 
of the state, advising them of the best means of marketing their products. 

Bulletin No. J/O. This bulletin is supplementary to No. 39. and calls upon county 
councils of defense in all counties to organize similar marketing organizations to 
those in Los Angeles County for the marketing of potatoes. 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 15 

Bulletin Xo. Jfl. Comity councils of defense are instructed that the chairman of 
tlie Women's Committee of the National and State Councils of Defense has desig- 
nated a woman in each county to act as chairman of its activities and that hereafter 
such county chairman is to be a member of the County Council of Defense. County 
councils are also instructed to give the fullest co-operation to the women's work 
being carried on in each county. 

Bulletin JS'o. 42- This bulletin, complying with specific requests made by the 
Council of National Defense, calls upon the merchants throughout California to 
co-operate in the curtailment of deliveries ; wherever possible to adopt a one-delivery- 
per-day system in order that the men may be released for other work and to conserve 
the use of gasoline and tires. 

Bulletin No. .}3. County councils of defense are advised that a San Francisco 
office of the State Council of Defense will hereafter be located at 724 Phelan Building. 

BuUeiin No. Jt'i. County councils of defense are notified that under Senate Bill 
No. 1202, the State Board of Education during war time has authority to order the 
closing of the schools at such time as they may deem necessary in order that the 
pupils may be utilized in doing necessary war work. A copy of the bill is embodied 
in this bulletin. 

Bulletin No. Jf5. This bulletin advises countj' councils that the Western Depart- 
ment of the United States Army asks that the surveyor of each county supply certain 
data and information and calls upon county surveyors to give the fullest possible 
co-op«ration. Complete instructions as to the data wanted accompanied that 
bulletin. 

Bulletin No. .'46. County councils are advised in this bulletin that the Governor 
has called a meeting of the State Council of Defense 'to be held at Sacramento on 
September 10 and 11, and requesting that all county councils send representatives to 
this meeting. 

Bulleti)! No. Jfl. This bulletin is supplementary to Bulletin No. 46, and advises 
the county councils of defense regarding important matters to be taken up at the 
Sacramento conference of the State Council of Defense. 

Bulletin No. 48. This bulletin is supplementary to No. 42, relating to the one- 
delivery-per-day of retail merchants, and states that the Council of National Defense 
expects this system to be installed in every county in California. This bulletin 
also urges that in some cases more prompt attention should be given to requests and 
suggestions sent to county councils of defense by the State Council of Defense. 

Bulletin No. 49. This bulletin, sent out at the request of the Council of National 
Defense, embodies special instructions regarding naval inventions and the proper 
method of submitting such inventions to the government. 

Bulletin No. 50. This bulletin sets forth resolutions adopted at the Sacramento 
conference of the State Council of Defense recommending the appointment of 
farm advisers in nineteen additional counties in the state, and urges that the 
county councils of defense immediately take steps to have county boards of super- 
visors provide the necessary funds to defray the expenses of such farm advisers. 
This bulletin is accompanied by a letter urging all county boards of supervisors of 
the immediate necessity for the appointment of countw farm advisers in order to 
bring about increased crop production throughout the state. 

Bulletin No. 51. Complying with requests by the Council of National Defense, 
this bulletin urges extreme care and the greatest possible conservation in the use of 
gasoline. In conjunction with the bulletin there was sent out requests to the Auto- 
mobile Club of California and similar organizations that they conduct campaigns 
among their members for the elimination of pleasure riding and other steps to 
conserve the nation's gasoline supply. 

Bulletin No. 52. Ttiis bulletin is supplementary to Bulletins Nos. 42 and 4S, 
relating to the one-delivery-per-day plan, and embodies recommendations from the 
Commercial Economy Board of the Council of National Defense that co-operative 
delivery systems be established in all cities and towns where merchants comply with 
the requests of the national government in regard to curtailed deliveries. 



16 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

Bulletin Xo. 53. Comply in.n- with iustnictions from the Council of National 
Defense, county councils of defense are i-equested wherever needed to provide clerical 
assistance of local exemption boards kSO that the work of obtaining men for the 
National Army under the selective service law will be carried forward with all 
])Ossible speed. 

JiiilJcfiii yo. o'l. Kecommendatious of the State Ilailroad Commission, together 
M'ith a form letter from that body relating to the prompt handling of freight by 
carriers, shippers and receivers, are dealt with in this bulletin. County councils of 
defense are urged to take steps to bring the recommendations made before all local 
shippers and receivers of freight, and urge upon them the closest co-operation 
between shippers and local agents of carrier lines. 

Bulletin No. 55. This bulletin embodies instructions from the Liberty Loan 
General Advisory Council of the Twelfth Federal Reserve District, for the carrying 
on of Liberty Loan Bond campaigns in every county of the state. County councils 
of defense are instructed to gi\'e the fullest possible co-operation in the second Liberty 
]>oau drive. 

Bulletin Ao. 56. This bulletin is supplementary to Bulletin No. 55 and contains 
numerous suggestions to be followed out by the county councils of defense in aiding 
the Liberty Loan campaign. 

Bulletin Ao. 57. This bulletin embodies special instructions forwarded by the 
LTnited States War Department for the proper directing of mail and telegraphic 
correspondence to members of the American Army in France. 

Bulletin No. 5S. This bulletin is accompanied by a special circular issued by the 
Food Administration Grain Corporation, addressed to operators of mills and ware- 
houses, setting forth the terms and regulations whereby the farmers can dispose of 
their grain to the United States Government. This circular is sent out in order that 
county councils of defense may give clear and definite information to farmers regard- 
ing this matter. 

Bulletin No. 59. This bulletin instructs county councils of defense to immediately 
form committees to look after the business affairs of men drafted in the federal 
service and to arrange with banks and competent attorneys to give free service and 
advice in adjusting the business affairs of such drafted and enlisted men. The 
bulletin lays down eight rules which are to be followed by these special committees. 

Bulletin No. 60. This bulletin is supplementai-j- to Bulletin No. 59, calling upon 
county councils of defense to organize branches of what shall be known as "Soldiers' 
Business Aid Committee," and outlines in full the activities of such committees. 

Bulletin No. 61. This bulletin provides for the formation in each county of 
loyalty committees, the activities of which shall be directed toward checking of 
seditious and disloyal utterances, the prevention of enemy propaganda and the 
securing of evidence in cases of disloyalty coming to its attention. 

Through the medium of questionnaires sent out to all county councils 
of defense there is now lieing conducted a thorough survey of all war 
activities of county councils of defense. Completed questionnaires 
already returned to the State Council of Defense show that county 
councils of defense, with few exceptions, have conscientiously followed 
out various instructions contained in the 61 bulletins sent to them up 
to this date and that members of these county coiuacils of defense have 
at all times shown a highly commendable degree of patriotism in the 
time, effort and expense which they have contributed to the carrying 
on of the state's war preparedness work. In a large number of coun- 
ties the countv councils meet everv week. 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL. OK DEFENSE. 



17 



Increased production and food conservation. 

At the outset of tlie \v;ii-. and ever since, the national ^'overnnient 
has laid considerable emphasLs upon the nation-wide need of increased 
crop production and the always present necessity of saving and con- 
serving for times of greater need, every available ounce of foodstuff;?. 

Ahnost innnediately upon its organization the California State 
Council of Defense, complying with demands made upon it from 
Washington, set to finding ways and means of increasing California's 
crop production. For the specific purpose of handling this problem, 
there was created a Committee on Resources and Food Supply, with 
Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, of the University of California, acting as 
its chairman. This conniiittee operating through the College of Agri- 
culture of the Universit.N' of California and through county farm 
advisers in the eightt^ni principal agricultural producing counties of 
the state, who are under the jurisdiction of the College of Agriculture, 
immediately set to inducing farmers in every county, both to increase 
their crops and to grow those special kinds of foodstuffs wliich the 
nation most demanded for its war-time needs. Indicative of Cali- 
fornia's response to the plea for greater crops, figures recently 
published by the United States Department of Agriculture on Cali- 
fornia ',s crop production are herewith quoted: 





1916 iniT 


Increase 


Wheat __ _. _ 


5,600,000 bushels 6,530,000 bushels 
2,048,000 bushels 2,550,000 bushels 
3,263,000 bushels 5,120,000 bushels 

10,575,000 bushels 13,900,000 bushels 
6,500,000 bushels 6,650,000 bushels 

43,620 bales 50,000 bales 
1,463,000 tons 1,700,000 tons 

33,320,000 bushels 35,200,000 bushels 
4,175,000 bushels 9,280,000 J)nshols 


930,000 bushels 


Corn __. __ 


502,000 bushels 


Rice 


1,857,000 bushels 


Potatoes 


3.325,000 bushels 


Oats 


150,0<]0 bushels 


Cotton _- 


6,380 bales 


Sugar beets 


237,000 tons 


Barley . 


1,880,000 bushels 


Beans ._ __ _ - _ 


5.105.000 bushels 







)K 



According to recently published figures given out from Washington, 
the value of California's crops for 1917 is phiced at $650,000,000, 
which is declared to lie an increase of 50 per cent over the value of 
1916 crops. 

At the outset of the activities of the State Council of Defense for 
increased crop production 17 counties in the state had county farm 
advisers. As a result of a conference between county officials and the 
State Council of Defense held in Sacramento on September 10 and 11, 
1917, the total number of counties now having county farm advisers 
has been increased to 28 and campaigns are being conducted in other 
counties through w^hich it is hoped to bring the total number of coun- 
ties having such farm advisers up to 36 counties. 



18 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



Apropo.s increased crop production for the coming year there has 
just been placed in the hands of the State Council of Defense a sum- 
mary of the annual reports of farm advisers in California for 1917. 
This report, which is now available from the files of the State Council 
of Defense, estimates that in compliance wdth the government's request 
for the planting of 80.000 additional acres to wheat in California, 
there will be planted for 1918 production a total of 101.470 acres. 

Tlie table for the expected increase for counties having farm advisers, 
togetlier with the quota actually signed up by farmers, as reported by 
the farm advisers, is as follows : , 



County 



TDxpected 

incre.ise in 

wheat for 1018 



Quota actually 
signed up 



Alameda _ _ _ _ _ _ . 


600 

1,000 
4,000 


400 


Fresno .. _______ 


8,0C0 


Glenn _ _ . _ 


" 5,000 


Hiiml)oldt - - - 


120 


Imperial _. _ ____ 


1,415 

" 1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

600 


10,000 


Kern _ _ _ _ _ 


3,500 


Madera _ _ 




Merced _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 


5,0CO 


Napa _ - __ - _ _ _ 


1,267 


Nevada _ _ _ 


90 


Placer _ _ _ . 


500 

1,000 

4,000 

160 

100 

8.000 

10,000 

1,000 

8,700 


3.000 


Riverside _____ __ _ 


3.320 


Sacramento 


35,000 


San Bernardino _ _ _ _ _ _ 


.500 


San Diego _ _ _ 


573 


San JoaQiiin _ _ _ _____ 


15,000 


Solano _________ 




Stanislaus _ _ __ 


3,700 


Yolo . 


7,000 






Totals — .. _ _ 


44,075 


101,470 







As an aid to the meat .supply, beans which are high in protein and 
which net a large money return per acre where they can be successfully 
grown are one of the most promising annual crops that can be advo- 
cated. Farm advisers report that in their counties during 1917 the 
increase in bean acreage was 14,264 acres and that in 1918, as a result 
of a campaign now being conducted, a considerably larger acreage will 
be planted. 

Food conservation and waste prevention. 

Although the active direction of the campaign for food conservation 
and the prevention of waste has been recently taken over by Mr. Ralph 
P. JMerritt. Federal Food Administrator for California, this council 
continues and will continue to give enthusiastic and energetic co-opera- 
tion in this work. 

It is a matter of record that the sugge.stion for "Wheatless and 
Meatless Davs" nriciuated in California and that tlie results obtained 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 



19 



liere were sulificienth- gratifying to cause this inoveinent to be taken 
up and pushed everywhere on a nation-wide scale by the Federal Food 
Administration, immediately upon its creation. It is also a matter o(: 
record tliat prior to the creation of the Federal Food Administration, 
and through the efforts of the State Council of Defense, there was 
conducted throughout California, before the appointment of Mr. 
Hoover, a food pledge campaign, which netted more than 60,000 signed 
food pledges. 

One of the direct results of the campaign for the prevention of food 
wa.ste by the State Council of Defense is reflected in the great falling 
off in the amount of garbage which comes from household kitchens. 
In San Francisco, it is .said that before the war, 515 tons of garbage 
Avere gathered every day. At the present time, this daily garbage 
waste is less than 400 tons — a decrease of 3,450 tons monthly or 41,975 
tons a year in the city of San Francisco alone. 

Indicative of the results obtained in the campaign for waste preven- 
tion is the following table, showing the decreased garbage supply of 
several of the largest cities of the state. The figures are for the first 
six mdnths each of 1916 and 1917 : 



First months 
10115 



First B raoutlis 
1917 



Deci-ease in 
garbage 



Percent- 
age of 
decrease 



San Francisco 

Pasadena 

Long Beach _. 

Oakland 

Berkeley 

San Jose 

Santa Monica 

Riverside 

Alameda 



108,600 tons 

98.5 tons 

12,600 tons 

13,946 tons 

4,564 tons 

2,494 tons 

No records 
No records 
No records 



79,148 tons 

907 tons 

1,980 tons 

12,242 tons 
4,130 tons 
2,234 tons 

Estimated 
Estimated 
Estimated 



29,452 tons 

78 tons 

10,620 tons 

1,704 tons 

434 tons 

260 tons 

2.5% less 1917 
50% less 1917 
25% less 1917 



274% 

m% 

80 % 

8 % 

10i% 

12i% 



At th(^ time the work of food conservation was taken over in 
California Ijy the Federal Food Administration, the most successful and 
active agency for carrjnng forward this work, which volunteered its 
services, was the AYomen's Committee, of the National and State 
Councils of Defense, which, under our jurisdiction, had conducted the 
in-evious campaign for food pledges in California. The eiBcieney of 
the women's committee in the a.ssistance which it rendered to the food 
administration, is attested in the statements given out from Wash- 
ington that on the basis of per capita population, California practically 
led the entire country. 

Prior to the appointment of a Federal Food Administrator for 
California a state-wide campaign for the securing of food pledges was 
carried out through the Women's Committee of the National and State 



20 REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

Coimcils of Defense and more than 60,000 o'f these pledges were 
secured as a result. 

While it is not generally known it is a matter of record that ''Wheat- 
less" and "Meatless" days, Avhich now have become nation-wide, had 
their inception with the State Council of Defense for California, as 
did the movement for substitution of cornmeal and other grain products 
for wheat. The recipe for making "war bread" now^ in national use, 
emanated from Sacramento and had its first encouragement from the 
California State Council of Defense. 

Farm labor. 

Steps to prevent the loss of crops in California due to the nationally- 
prevalent farm labor shortage, were taken immediately when the State 
Council of Defense was organized. After several conferences, which 
represented the growers organizations of the state, the handling of 
the entire farm labor problem, correlated as it was with the work of 
increased production, was placed in the hands of the Connnittee on 
Eesourees and Food Supply. 

Under this committee, steps were immediatel.y taken to co-ordinate 
the agencies of the state, federal and municipal free employment 
bureaus, and one of the first steps was an attempted canvass of farm 
labor needs. As a part of this canvass, stamped post card question- 
naires, asking each farmer to set forth his immediate and ]n*ospeetive 
harvest-time labor needs were sent to every farmer in the seventeen 
largest agricultural producing counties in the state. Less than 12 
per cent of the farmers who received these cards, which were sent out 
last June, considered the farm labor situation serious enough to fill 
them out and return them. 

Following this unsuccessful canvass, there was immediately organized 
the State Farm Labor Bureau, with Professor R. L. Adams of the 
College of Agriculture of the T'^niversity of California, acting as Federal 
and State Farm Labor Agent and with county farm labor agents, in 
most cases county farm advisers, delegated to investigate and report 
the farm labor conditions in all of the large agricultural producing 
counties of the state. 

Under county farm labor agents, numerous local or district farm 
labor agents were appointed, in each coimty, to serve under the direc- 
tion of the county farm advisers. Through these agencies, labor 
shortages developing in various localities Avere promptly reported, as 
was farm labor surplus in other localities, and the Central State Agency 
maintained at the University of California, served as a clearing house 
through which valuable farm labor supply was made more mobile and 
utilized to its fullest capacity. 

According to a state summary of special war emergency work in 19 
counties having countv farm advisers, such farm advisers acting in 



KKl'OHT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 21 

tlu'ir cMpacity as e'0\iut\' I'ann labor agents received applieatiou.s foi" 
3,S8() farm workers of various kinds and that they supplied a total of 
6.0-i2 farm workers during' the harvesting' season of 1917. As a part 
of the activities of the State Council of Defense the aid of the State 
lioard of Education also was enlisted in the handling of the farm labor 
})rolilem. Through this body a committee of school officials anci high 
school principals was organized to co-operate with the Committee on 
Kesources and Food Supply of the State Council of Defense in an 
endi'avor to enlist high school pupils in farm labor work during the 
Hunnner months. In a report just rendered to the State Council of 
Defense by this connnittee, it is stated that out of 60,291 pupils enrolled 
in the high schools which participated in the movement, 28,168 pupils, 
or 46fu per cent of the total enrollment, were engaged in some kind 
of productive labor during the summer vacation. A total of 9,244 boys 
and 658 girls were engaged in agricultural work, states this report. In 
other industries there were 8,809 boys and 4,057 girls. Ninety schools 
in the state postponed the opening of their fall terms on account of the 
farm labor shortage; 451 schools delaying the opening two w^eeks; 
10 schools for three weeks ; 7 schools for four weeks ; and one school 
each for six and nine weeks after the regulation date of opening. Five 
schools report that they were closed for short periods to enable pupils 
to help in the harvest. 

Some idea of the length of time given by high school pupils to farm 
work ajul the value of their service is contained in the following 
information : 

Pupils of the Chaffey Union High School at Ontario earned a total 
of $41,549.71 by doing farm work during the summer vacation; pupils 
of the Santa Ana High School earned $31,858.39 during the same 
period. In the Lodi High School all of the 94 l)oys and 155 of the 162 
girls enrolled were at work during the harvest. In Hemet 67 out of 
71 b(\y,s and 114 out of 126 girls enrolled helped harvest the crops in 
that neighl)orhood. 

While the State Farm Labor Bureau and high scliools of the state 
were assisting to the limit of their ability in helping to handle the 
farm labor problem, John P. McLaughlin, State Lal)or Commissioner, 
and the machinery of the State Free Employment Bureau rendered 
most valuable assistance. Commissioner ^McLaughlin and C. B. Sexton, 
superintendent of state bureaus, attended every conference on farm 
labor held under the auspices of our Committee on Resources and Food 
Supply, and as a result of their co-operation wath the State Council 
of Defense the state free employment bureaus furnished the largest 
number of farm workers of anv of the state asencies. Following are 



56529 



22 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 

the number of farm workers supplied from each of the five branch 
offices of the State Employment Bureau during the harvest season : 

San Francisco 1,859 

Oakland 587 

Sacramento 3,253 

Fresno 3,307 

Los Angeles 4,050 

13,056 

Particular attention should be called to the work of the Fresno office 
of this department, which was in operation only four months during 
the latter part of the summer season, but which in that time supplied 
the largest number of farm workers of any of the five state bureaus. 

Apropos the work of the state free employment bureaus in supplying 
farm labor, they call attention to the need of special reduced rates for 
farm workers and for farmers advancing railroad fares to workers 
going to jobs, in the following words : 

' ' It might be pertinent at this time to once more draw attention 
to the need of a reduced fare for farm workers who have to travel 
any appreciable distance. The need will be more urgent than ever 
this coming summer and the chances of the request being granted 
should be greater on account of the taking over of the railroads by 
the federal government. The farming communities, when labor is 
most needed, are always in competition with the proposition of 
free or advanced fares. Of the 8,589 men furnished to the trans- 
portation companies, all were given free fare, and the fare was 
advanced to practically all of the 6,099 men taken by the lumber 
companies, besides hundreds of men furnished to large contractors. 
Even with an ecpial offer in wages, the farmer is practically in a 
losing position as against the lumber interests, railroad companies 
and contractors in such cases." 

In sunnuarizing the handling of the farm labor })roblem during the 
past season it is proper that attention be called to the campaign 
conducted by the State Immigration and Housing Commission and by 
the publicity bureau of the State Council of Defense. Lack of proper 
housing conditions on farms was a serious obstacle in the securing of 
men for farm work early in the season. In many localities this evil 
has been corrected but there are still districts in the state in which 
little, if any, improvement has been made, and the Commission on 
Immigration and Housing is now conducting a campaign to secure 
these desired improvements. 

Another field of activity entered into by the State Council of 
Defense in the handling of the farm labor problem was the sending 
out of paid agents among the foreign population, these agents speaking 
the languages of and explaining the draft to aliens and by this means, 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 23 

as we believe, preventing- a stampede of such aliens, particularly Mexi- 
cans, at a time when their labor was indispensable. In summing up 
the assistance rendered by the State Council of Defense in the handling 
of the farm labor problem, the fact stands forth that farmers through- 
out the state were able to harvest their greatly increased crops with 
little, if any more than usual loss — -this despite the fact that there was 
a national farm labor shortage of serious proportions attended by heavy 
losses in other states and in the face of predictions made earlier in the 
season that there would be minimum losses in California aggregating 
several millions of dollars. 

Women's activity in the war. 

In the state-wide efforts of our council to put the entire state on a 
thorough and co-ordinated preparedness basis and particularly in the 
L ' ^ splendid results acccmiplished in this state in the work of food conserva- 
tion and waste prevention, the Women's Connnittee of the National and 
State Councils of Defense has been of inestimable value. 

Shortly after the formal organization of the state council, steps were 
takeu to enlist the aid of women's organizations throughout the state 
in carrying on our work. Toward this end two executive committees, 
one for northern and the other for southern California, were formed, 
The first thing that these committees were asked to do was to help in 
the campaign of the first issue of Liberty Loan bonds. The results 
obtained by these committees are even more remarkable when it is 
considered that they were asked to take part in the bond-selling cam- 
paign only ten days before its closing date. The southern California 
committee, which did splendid work in the bond campaign, was headed 
by Mrs. Joseph Banning, as chairman, while the northern California 
campaign was directed from San Francisco by Mrs. Abbie E. Krebs, 
as chairman. In the San Francisco bond campaign the Avomen's com- 
mittee sent out 5,000 letters and also 5,000 return post cards. Through 
the two committees, north and south, county organizations were per- 
fected in each county of the state and splendid results obtained through 
these local committees. In the north the committee headed by Mrs. 
Krebs handled pledges amounting to more than $100,000. In Los 
Angeles Mrs. Banning 's committee secured ])ledo'e.s aggregating 
$150,000. 

Following the first Liberty Loan drive and upon suggestions made 
to our council from Washington there was a reorganization of women's 
conunittees aiding in war work and as a part of a national organization 
to be directed by the Women's Committee of the Council of National 
Defense there was organized in California, a Women's Committee of the 
National and State Councils of Defense. In order to cany on more 
effectually the campaign for saving the foodstuffs and other projects 
entrusted to it bv the National government and to secure the greatest 



24 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

eo-operation from Avomen'.s organizations throughout the state, the 
following presidents of different California women's organizations 
were named as memhers of the general committee : 

Association Collegiate Alumna? Mrs. F. C. Turner 

Belgian Kelief Committee Mrs. Wiloughby Rodman 

California Civic League : Mrs. Robert O. Moody 

California Federation of School Women's Clubs _ Miss Anna Keefe 

California Federation of Women's Clubs Mrs. Herbert A. Cable 

California Nurses' Association Miss Electa Van Eman 

Campfire Girls Mrs. Esther Schneider 

Catholic Ladies' Aid Society Mrs. Joseph Gabrial Kearney 

Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers Association Dr. Jessie A. Russell 

Daughters of the American Revolution Mrs. John C. Lynch 

Daughters of the Confederacy Mrs. C. C. Clay 

Home Economics Association Miss Ora B. Chilton 

International Federation of Catholic Alumnae Miss Mary Malloy 

Jewish Council of Women Mrs. M. C. Sloss 

Ladies of the Maccabees Miss Alice Church 

National League for Women's Service Mrs. Duncan McDufEe 

National Society of Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America 

Miss Helen Crittenden Irvine 

National Society I'. S. Daughters of 1812 Mrs. R. G. Rhodes 

Native Daughters of the Golden West Miss Grace Stoermer 

Needlework Guild of America Mrs. E. Boyle Workman 

Northern Women's Christian Temperance Union Mrs. Sara J. Dorr 

Society of Colonial Dames Mrs. William Ashburner 

Southern Women's Christian Temperance Union Mrs. Stella B. Irvine 

State Board of Education Mrs. Margaret Schallenberger-McNaught 

State Board of Charities Mrs. Carrie P. Bryant 

State Board of Health .. Dr. Adelaide Brown 

State Industrial Welfai-e Commission Mrs. Katherine P. Edson 

State Library Board Mrs. Frances M. Carlton Harmon 

State Social Insurance Commission Mrs. Frances Noel 

The Alliance of Unitarian and Other Liberal Christian Women 

Mrs. L. N. Wyckofif 
Woman's National Farm and Garden Associatiou-Mrs. Myrtle Shepherd Francis 

Woman's Relief Corps Mrs. Carrie L. Hoyt 

Young Ladies Mutual Improvement Society Mrs. Cora Hawley 

Young Women's Christian Association Mrs. Lawrence Draper 

From this general committee the following were chosen as members 

of the Executive Committee : 

:Mrs. Frank A. (4ibson Honorary Chairman 

Mrs. Herbert A. Cable Chairman; Member State Council of Defense 

Mrs. Robert O. Moody Vice Chairman 

Mrs. Stella B. Irvine Vice Chairman 

Mrs. Edward F. (41aser Vice Chairman 

Mrs. Robert J. Burdette Vice Chairman at Large 

Mrs. Josiali Evans Cowles 

;Mem1)er Women's Conim.. National Council of Defense 

]Mrs. E. R. Brainerd 

Mrs. Shelley Tolhurst Member State Council of Defense 

Miss Ethel Moore Member State Council of Defense 

Mrs. Seward A. Simons 1 Secretary 

Mrs. Cleveland Forbes Assistant Secretary 

Mrs. Frances M. Carlton-Harmon Assistant Secretary 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 25 

In order to facilitate and make more efficient the work carried on 
by the Women's Committee, this work was snhdivided on a depart- 
mentjil basis and representative and capabh' women named as heads 
of these separate departments. Following are the various departments 
of the committee with their chairmen : 

AmcricaiiizjUiDii Mrs. Fniuk A. (Jibsou 

riiild Welfai-o Miss Evelyn Stoddart 

Education Dr. Margaret S. McNanght 

Food Administration : Mrs. Robert J. Bnrdette 

(lirl's War Service Miss Alice Moore 

Home Economics Miss Charlotte Ebbotts 

Home and Foreign Relief and Red Cross Mrs. James Ellis Tucker 

Information and Library Service Mrs. Frances M. Carlton-Harmon 

Liberty Loan Mrs. E. R. Brainorcl 

Maintenance of Existing Social Agencies Mrs. Carrie P. Bryant 

Public Health Dr. Adelaide Brown 

Publicity Miss Anne Mumford 

Registration Mrs. Robert J. Burdette 

Safeguarding Moral and Spiritual Forces Miss Julia George 

Women in Industry Mrs. Katherine P. Edson 

The principal work of the women's committee since the start of the 
war has been to spread the doctrine of food conservation. Before the 
appointment of the Federal Food Administrator, in California, and 
through the county organizations which had been formed the women's 
committee received more than 60,000 signed food pledges, carried on 
educational campaigns through women's clubs, and l)y means of 
neighborhood gatherings brought about greater household economies. 
They also inaugurated and carried to a successful stage the develop- 
ment of a state-wide campaign for the use of corn and other grain 
products in place of wheat. In its earlier endeavors the women's com- 
mittee bore the brunt of the fight and was of incalculable service in 
overcoming the prejudices of those who felt that they already were 
economizing, sufficiently and of those who took the attitude that the 
housewives should not be called upon to do their part unless the great 
commercial waste and the waste in using cereals and grains in the 
manufacture of spirituous licpicrs were eliminated. In co-operation 
with the College of Agriculture of the University of California they 
carried on a state-wide campaign and gave demonstrations of house- 
hold economies and in scientific methods of canning, drying and pre- 
serving food in 35 counties of the state. Since that time similar 
campaigns and demonstrations have been carried out in the remaining 
23 counties of the state. 

Since their organization the Women's Committee of the Council of 
National and State Defense has organized 58 county units, with a local 
chairman serving as a member of the County Council of Defense, and 



26 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

as branches of these county units there have been established 270 dis- 
tricts and 388 city units, making' a total of 716 women's organizations 
in the state. The work of each is co-ordinated and directed by the 
state committee. In the program of organizing county units to direct 
the work in each county a temporary chairman was appointed by the 
state committe to call together representatives of the women's organi- 
zations in each county. At these meetings permanent chairmen and 
other officers were elected and committees corresponding to state de- 
partments appointed in each county, according to the necessities of the 
locality. The same problems do not exist in each county and the 
county chairmen have not found it necessary in every instance to name 
committees corresponding with all state departments. The method of 
forming city and local units has varied. Some counties are organized 
by supervisorial districts; some by towns and some by artificially 
created districts. Most of these units have a chairman, a vice chair- 
man and a secretary. Practically all city units have a chairman for 
department work, but the rural districts have, in most instances, only 
chairmen and secretaries. All county chairmen report at stated inter- 
vals to the State Executive Committee and are under the direction of 
that committee. Some of the larger city units report directly to the 
State Executive Conunittee. In most instances these local units make 
their reports to the county chairman. 

The work being done by the various departments of the Women's 
(jonnnittee of the National and State Councils of Defense is as follows : 
Americanization of Aliens: This department was formed to study 
iuunigrant conditions and to do all in its powder to make California 
a state of one language and one people. It is composed of a representa- 
tive from each of eleven state organizations w^hich have pledged them- 
selves to undertake definite lines of investigation necessary to a full 
understanding of innnigrant problems in California, and to the formula- 
lion of a constructive i)lan for the opening of educational opportunity, 
in its broadest sense, to tlie men and women now unable to understand 
America. 

Child Welfare: The objiM't of this committee is the conservation of 
the children of the state and the safeguarding of the children of this 
country from some of the evils that have befallen the children of 
European countries as a result of the war. A survey is being made to 
find out how many children of school age are at work and scholarships 
are being established to enalile some children who are at work to return 
to school. Enforcement of child labor laws is being supported and an 
effort made for the extension of the county visiting nurse service in 
the interest of infant welfare. 



REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 27 

Educafit))! : The chairman of this eoiumittee is the superintendent 
of eh>mentar\- education for the state. The Committee on Child Wel- 
fare and this committee are in close co-operation and their endeavors 
are along- the same lines. p]tt'orts are being' made to extend agricultural 
instruction for boys and girls throughout the elementary schools, to 
encourage the l)oys' and girls' canning clubs and to arouse enthusiasm 
for all agricultural pursuits. 

Food Adi)dnistration: The chairman of Food Administration is a 
member of the California Food Administration Board. Her appointee 
in each county is the County Chairman of Food Administration, thus 
connecting the work of the women's conmiittee with the national and 
state food administration. The instructions of the California Food 
Administrator will thus be communicated directly from his office to 
the county chairman. These instructions will deal with the official 
regulations for food conservation. 

Girls ' War Service : This committee hopes to organize girls so that 
they may express patriotism in various forms of service to their com- 
munity and their country. No special form of work or service is being 
suggested, but an effort is being made to adapt the interest of the girls 
in each group to attain the best results. 

Home and Foreign Relief: The object of this committee is to 
encourage the work already being done by existing relief organizations, 
including the Red Cross; to aid in the various campaigns for member- 
ship and funds for work at home and abroad ; to keep in touch with the 
Division ^lanager of the Red Cross in order to receive directions and 
information; to give a united and unqualified support to the Red 
Cross, encouraging every woman in the state to be enrolled as a Red 
Cross member; to assist in the organization of relief work when asked 
to do so by the heads of the established home and foreign relief 
societies. 

Home Economics: Through the state committee, district subchair- 
men and county chairmen of Home Economics have been appointed. 
These are the Home Economies teachers, who are standardizing the 
work of domestic science throughout the school system and are 
endeavoring to make it practical by general talks on balanced rations 
and food values. The Home Economics teachers in the counties are 
being instructed in the most scientific methods of food conservation. 
These teachers will arouse interest in food conservation in their schools, 
instruct the children, distribute recipes and literature, and form 
mothers" classes M^herever practicable. 

Information and Library Service: The plan of this committee is 
to use all the library resources of the state, the State Library, the 
County Library system, the Principal and Municipal Libraries and the 
California Librarv Association. A library center has been designated 



28 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

in each county and a librarian appointed as County Chairman of 
Information and Library Service, to work with, and for, the county 
committee. Librarians designated have made collections of materials 
published by governmental and other agencies on all subjects germane 
to war service. All libraries are featuring war bulletin boards, 
exhibits, lectures and circulars covering the measures that the defense 
councils and Food Administration wish to emphasize. The California 
Library plan has been adopted by the National Council of Defense 
as the plan for the United States. 

Liberty Loan : This department was organized to carry on a cam- 
paign among the women of the state for the sale of Loberty Bonds, at 
such times as the treasury department may indicate. Their work 
includes supplying educational literature and speakers for clubs and 
organizations. 

Maintenance of Existing ^^ocial Agencies: The chairman of this com- 
mittee is a member of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. 
A determined effort is being made to encourage the continued .support 
of the usual philanthropic and charitable activities. Because of the 
increased cost of maintenance a special emphasis has been necessary in 
the case of support for institutions caring for dependent children. 

Public Health: The Public Health Committee is dealing with the 
following coiinnunity health problems which are emphasized by war 
conditions : 

1. Birth Registration. 

2. Infant Mortality. 

3. The California Milk Law. 

4. Raising the General Healtli Standard. 

5. Communicable Diseases. 

6. Venereal Diseases. 

The committee seeks to secure information from local connnittees 
which will aid the state committee in determining the efficacy of the 
present system of birth registration and the causes of infant mortality. 
It works for the establishment of health centers and the employment 
of district nurses and encourages the examination of school children. 
It aims to lessen commercialized vice and the spread of venereal 
disease. 

Publicity : As the name indicates, this department collects and sends 
out information concerning the work of the committee to the papers 
of this state and to the county chairmen. It communicates with the 
county chairmen of publicity and sends reports of all interesting work 
done by the women in California to the national committee. 

Safeguarding Moral and Spiritual Forces : The chairman of this 
committee is a member of the State Committee on Military Welfare 



Kia'ORT (U'^ STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 29 

activities. A state of war breaks down .social conventions anti removes 
barrier.s wliich in normal times protect young people. This committee 
is w^orking to i-emove immoral conditions Avhenever possible and 
endeavors to npliold ideals of character and conduct. 

Women in Industry: California's industrial war problem will he 
twofold as affecting women. Women will be called to fill many places 
left vacant by men in all kinds of commercial and clerical occupations. 
The two big M'ar problems are food production and the making of army 
clothing. This committee is making a survey of local industries in each 
county ; their relative importance ; surveys of the present labor supply ; 
of the season of greatest need and the number of workers actually 
needed. An endeavor is being made through local {)a{)ers, employment 
agencies, churches, fraternal and club organizations, to find women 
w'orkers for these positions. Instructions are being given to women 
as to the proper clothing necessary for each kind of work, the housing- 
facilities of the community, the cost of transportation, the length of 
l)robable employment and the real nature of the work to be done. The 
committee is suj^ervising ccmditions under wliich the work is being per- 
formed and is endeavoring to secure proper wages, hours and housing 
facilities and. in some cases the necessary training. 

In carrying on the activities of the Women's Connnittee of the 
National and State Councils of Defense, the executive committee meets 
each week — the southern California members in Los Angeles and the 
northern California members in San Francisco. The central committee 
meets once each month. The minutes of these meetings are inter- 
changed so that each part of the state is kept in touch with the work 
of the other part. At the central committee meetings reports are made 
each month by the chairman of the various departments. Reports are 
also received by this committee from chairmen of county units. 

Military welfare commission. 

This commission was created upon the direct request of Secretary 
of War Baker for the purpose of protecting enlisted men from exposure 
to venereal diseases and other evils resulting from prostitution and 
commercialized vice when permitted to exist in proximity to canton- 
ments, camps or barracks. The commission, which is working in the 
closest possible co-operation with the United States War Department, 
the United States Surgeon General's office, the war department Com- 
mission on Training Camp Activities, and other governmental depart- 
ments and the operations of which are being financed from a $60,000 
appropriation from the State War Emergency Fund, is composed of 
Warren Olney, chairman. Wallace M. Alexander, Rolla V. Watt, 
Dr. Milbank -Johnson and George W. Marston ; Fred E. Lindley is 
Secretary and Allison T. French, Executive Secretary. 



30 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

Aetint>' as spccinl coiumissioners in various parts of the state in 
carrying' on the work of the commission are: 

A. It. Galloway. Jr.. SaLranu'iito ^lelvilh' Klauher. San Diego 

Julia Georse, Sau Francisco Dr. W. A. Lillic, Monterey 

C. M. Goethe, Sacramento Fred E. Lindley. San Diego 

E. E. Herrscher, San Francisco C'lias. D. Mark, Palo Alto 

Geo. W. Marston, San Diego Ko.se Smith, Los Angeles 

Jas. K. .Moffitt, Oakland Mary E. Stoddard, Los Angeles 
Kolla V. Watt, San Francisco 

Inasmuch as it is the specifically announced program of the United 
States War Department and other governmental l)ureaus that any 
attempt to reduce venereal disease must include the stamping out of 
prostitution and especially commercialized prostitution, the California 
.Military Welfare Commission is giving its fullest possible co-operation 
in this announced policy. The activities of the commission are state 
wide in their scope, l)ut particularly so in the vicinities where soldiers 
and sailors have been gathered together for training or other purposes. 

Indicative of the work lieing done in various cities of the state by 
the Commission on jMilitary Welfare are extracts from a recent report 
made by that body to tlie State Council of Defense as follows : 

"Work was begun in San Francisco by making arrangements 
between the local Health Department, under Dr. Hassler, and the 
police judges, for the examination of all women arrested on 
charges of vagrancy. These cases were to be isolated and treated 
in a ward set aside for the purpose in the San Francisco Hospital. 
It soon became apparent that unless active measures were also 
instituted for the repression of prostitution, there could be no 
real results from this work. In the latter part of October, there- 
fore, ^Ir. French and I asked for a conference with the police 
judges and placed before them a plan which would comply with 
the demands of the War Department, and at the same time make 
our efforts at reducing venereal disease more effective. This plan 
was agreed to and was just put into operation November 1 under 
Judge Oppenheim. and has likewise been followed by Judge 
Fitzpatrick and Judge Sullivan in their occupancy of the 
Women's Court. 

"Under tliis plan, which has since been put into operation in 
several other states, women were placed under bail sufficiently 
high to insure their appearance in court, that they might be 
referred to the Health Department for examination. It was 
recognized at this time that a high bail was wrong inasmuch as 
it necessitated that they obligate themselves to bail bond brokers ; 
but under the charge it was necessary that they be admitted to 
hc\\\. This has recently been obviated by detaining them under 
the health statutes instead. 

"It Avas agreed that all women convicted of prostitution or 
allied charges should be given jail sentences, unless investigation 
demonstrated that they could be depended upon with proper assist- 



REPORT OK STATE COFNCIL OF DEFENSE. 31 

ance to leave their old life. All eases found diseased were to be 
isolated under the Boai'd of Health and treated in the San Fran- 
ei.seo Hospital. Upon disehar.uc from the hospital, they must a<>i't'e 
to continue treatment as necessary and not to practice prostitution. 
In the event one was arrested and found to be breaking these 
health rules, a jail sentence was to be given and treatment con- 
tinued in jail. A large percentage of these women, in accordance 
with investigations in other places, were found to have gcmorrhea 
or syphilis, or both. 

"It is readily seen that the success of this plan meant the active 
co-operation of lioth civil and health authorities. xV similar plan 
has been put into operation at San Diego, Los Angeles, San Jose, 
Presno and Sacramento, as well as in a number of the smaller com- 
munities. 

"In San Diego the county appropriated ten thousand dollars 
to build and e(iuip an isolation hospital, the city to pay the cost 
(if maintenance. The first unit of this hospital, containing thirty- 
two l)eds, operating rooms, nurses' quarters, etc., is neariug com- 
pletion. Lack of hospital facilities has handicapped the work 
somewhat. So far, cases have l)een isolated in the County Hos- 
pital. Every two weeks a noon conference is held, attended by tlie 
local and county health officers, ]\Iajor Decker, the Sanitary 
Inspector of Camp Kearny, the Chief of Police, police judges. 
District Attorney and the head of the military police, and the 
local members of the ^Military Welfare Commission. These con- 
ferences have been productive of much good and given consider- 
al)le needed publicity to the work. Recently Dr. Martha 
Whelpton has been appointed under the local board of health to 
make all examinations and carry on the treatment for all women 
placed in the care of the Health Department. 

"A few months ago, San Diego passed what is known as a Forni- 
cation Ordinance, which makes a single act of illicit intercourse a 
crinu- with a penalty up to $500 line and one hundred and tifty 
days in jail. 

"The County Health Department is already operating a small 
clinic and expects to make arrangements to open a department 
for the treatment of venereal diseases. 

"Los Angeles appropriated approximately $25,000 for the pur- 
pose of making into an isolation hospital their inebriate home. 
Provision was also made that a portion of this fund would go for 
equipment for the hospital, for enlarging and equipping the night 
clinic which is being run under the local Board of Health, and 
establishing laboratory facilities. It was also agreed that this 
sum would include maintenance for a certain number of nionths. 
as well as the salaries of physicians, a matron, and nurses for the 
hospital. It is expected that the work of this hospital Avill he 
completed within a very few days, and both civil and health 
authorities have coiupleted arrangements to carry out the program 
in every detail. The County Board of Supervisors agreed to 
admit to the County Hospital all applicants afflicted with venereal 
diseases, and appropriated the sum of $7,000 to cover the cost of 
organizing the work in the county. This included the salary of 
a full-time physician to have charge of this particular work. 



32 REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

"The various city and county officials of Fresno have agreed 
to cooperate in the matter of putting through the program. 
There is already a small city clinic run under the local health 
office and an appropriation of $3,000 has been asked for, which 
will provide for enlarging their quarters for complete equipment, 
for the services of a laboratory worker, nurses, etc., which will 
make it possible for them to have a venereal disease clinic con- 
forming to the standards of the bureau. There has been some 
question as to obtaining this appropriation ; it is likely that it will 
be finally settled by the city and county each agreeing to give 
$1,500 for the Avork. At the present time, cases are being isolated 
in the County Hospital. The County Hospital already accepts 
venereal disease cases and has a small outpatient department. 
An effort will be made to increase the efficiency, both within the 
hospital and in the outpatient service, in order that they may be 
accredited according to ,thc standards of the bureau. Recently 
Dr. Watters of the Bureau paid a visit to Fresno at which time 
she went over the work of the Juvenile Court and made definite 
arrangements for the examination and treatment of all patients 
coming through this court by Dr. Georgia Thompson. 

"With the direct and active co-operation of City Manager Reid 
and local Health Officer Dr. Beattie. a similar program has been 
put in force in San Jose. The Board of Supervisors, at a meet- 
ing attended by Director of the Bureau and Dr. Beattie, appro- 
priated $1,000 for the initiation of the work. At the present 
time examinations are being conducted by two specially appointed 
women ph,ysicians, the laboratory examinations being made by a 
specially trained worker. 

"San Jose is also co-operating directly with the militaiy author- 
ities at Camp Fremont in endeavoring to carry out all of their 
requests regarding liquor selling and prostitution. 

"In so far as the health end is concerned, the authorities in 
Sacramento have agreed to the program, and all women Avill be 
examined in the city Health Department clinic and isolated in 
the County Hospital. An appropriation of $12,000 has been 
asked of the Board of Supervisors to more adequately equip, man, 
and maintain a venereal disease clinic. This request is now under 
the consideration of an especially appointed committee. Atten- 
tion should be called to a number of suits which have been 
brought by District Attorney Bradford, under the Redlight 
Abatement Law, one in particular upon which a conviction has 
been secured — that against the Art Dance Hall should be men- 
tioned, as I believe it is the first case in this state to be brought 
against a dance hall under this law. 

"As it was recognized that there was a need not only for a 
sufficiency of clinics, but also that these clinics conform to certain 
recognized standards, such a set of standards covering such dis- 
pensaries and hospitals was draMTii up and has been issued in the 
form of a special bulletin by the bureau. In order that the sal- 
varsan which the bureau is to distribute free might be made use 
of as rapidly as possible, the bureau has up to date, temporarily 
accredited thirteen dispensaries in various parts of the state, and 



KEPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 33 

to these temporarily iiceredited dispensaries, and to local health 
otifieers, there has been distributed over 500 doses of salvarsan. 
A number of new rules and regulations have been passed by the 
State Board of Health makin,u' it possible to more- efficiently con- 
trol venereal disease. Believino- that it is absolutely necessary 
that every patient so afflicted should be given complete informa- 
tion regarding their disease, one new ruling requires that physi- 
cians and dispensaries distribute to such patients literature 
containing this information. Accordingly, a pamphlet has been 
issued by the bureau which contains a considerable amount of 
information concerning gonorrhoea and syphilis, as well as 
directions for any patient so afflicted. 

"It was also recognized that an adecjuate and uniform system 
of treatment for syphilis be adopted, and accordingly a pamphlet 
has been issued which gives a digest of the treatment recognized 
by various authorities of the country. Up to date about two 
thousand of these pamphlets have been distributed. 

"Along the lines of this educational work, the bureau has pur- 
chased several duplicate sets of lantern slides to be. used in lecture 
work upon social hygiene and venereal diseases. It is planned 
that these sets will be furnished for lectures to certain groups of 
civilians, and also to the military and naval authorities for lec- 
tures to the soldiers and sailors. 

"Recently there has been organized under the Fosdick Com- 
mission, a division to take charge of educational work within the 
Army. It is planned that this division will administrate the 
work only, that the lecturing will be done by volunteers, and that 
the expenses of such work will be paid by civil organizations of 
the community where the work is done. This bureau is co-oper- 
ating directly" with Lieutenant Eliot who has charge of this work, 
and has already purchased a stereomotograph machine for use 
in Camp Kearny and has agreed to pay the expenses of lecturers 
who may be accredited by the war department. 

"A number of special investigations have been made by officers 
of the bureau, and it seems worth while to comment in detail 
upon two of these. 

"The first was the case of a girl arrested within the lines of 
Camp Fremont. This girl was placed in jail at Redwood City 
and our bureau was asked by Major Pope, the Provost Guard at 
Camp Fremont, to assume the responsibility of the disposition of 
her case. Accordingly the sheriff was' asked, over telephone, to 
detain the girl until officers from our bureau could get on the 
ground. The following day. Dr. Watters and I went to Redwood 
City and interviewed the" girl, taking down the details of her 
story. A careful physical examination was then made by Dr. 
Watters, and necessary laboratory specimens taken. As a result 
of clinical and laboratory evidence, a diagnosis of syphilis and 
gonorrhoea was made. The girl was charged with vagrancy and 
after pleading guilty, was given a six-months jail sentence. At 
the same time, orders were given for her isolation and treatment. 
It was rather apparent that this girl was not mentally normal. 
Accordingly, an expert was asked to make a mental examination, 



34 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIIv OF DEFENSE. 

the results of which showed that althouyh the girl was really 
twenty-six years old, she has the mentality of a child of eight. 
Investigation of her story brought out the following facts: 

"Her father died as the inmate of one of the state asylums; 
her brother was sent to a reform school where he killed a boy and 
was from there committed to an asylum. The girl herself, at the 
age of seventeen, w^as before the Juvenile Court of one of the coun- 
ties of the state on a charge of incorrigibility. Proper examina- 
tion and disposition of her case were not at that time made and 
as a result of her being allowed her freedom, she has for the past 
nine years been a prostitute, three years of this time having been 
spent in the old segregated district of San Francisco. It is with- 
out doubt true that during a large part of this time she ha.s been 
afflicted with both gonorrhoea and syphilis, and it is safe to say, 
l)asing our conclusions upon investigations, that during this time 
this girl has exposed twelve or fifteen thousand individuals to 
l)oth gonorrhoea and syphilis. 

' ' In connection with this case, two or three things are especially 
to be emphasized. In the first place, the crying need that all 
feeble-minded girls be placed in an institution, and that it not be 
permissible for small communities especially without adequate 
investigation, to float these people. 

''Attention should also be called to the fact that this girl's 
history is rather a typical one ; investigations have shown that not 
less than 30 per cent of prostitutes as a class are defective men- 
tally to the point of requiring permanent institutional care, and 
that another 30 per cent are sulficiently mentally defective to 
require rather strict supervision ; and finally, an idea can be gotten 
of the almost unbelievable number of persons who may be exposed 
to gonorrhoea and syphilis through the freedom of sucli a person. 

"The other special investigation to which attention should be 
called is one that Dr. Watters recently made in Nevada City, 
Grass Valley, and Auburn. It was learned that there w^ere sev- 
eral open houses of prostitution operating in these towns. 
Arrangements were made by IMr. Gray, the State District Health 
Officer, for the sheriff to bring the inmates of all of these places 
to the hospitals at Nevada City and Auburn for examination. 
In all, twenty-eight women were apprehended and examined. 
Owing to illness, eight of these women could not be examined 
thoroughly, but one of the eight was so diseased as to make her 
syphilis and gonorrhoea apparent from a superficial examinatiort 
Of the other twenty, from clinical and microscopic evidence, and 
from blood tests, it is possible to say that eighteen had syphilis 
or gonorrhoea, or both. 

"There are two particular things in connection with this investi- 
gation which I wish to emphasize. In the first place. I wish to 
call attention to the fact that even a single examination demon- 
strated that practically all of these women were diseased. In the 
second place, it developed that these women had been examined 
regularly and at about weekly intervals, and many of them had 
at the time of examination, certificates issued by local physicians 
stating that thev w^ere healthv. This ought to demonstrate rather 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCII. OF DEFENSE. 35 

conclusively the failure of any attempt at regulations of prosti- 
tion, so far as its effect upon reduein"' venereal disease is con- 
cerned. It also shows the uselessness of the law directing itself 
only against diseased prostitutes, and not against prostitution in 
general. 

"The complexity of the problem of prostitution must be recog- 
nized. In the first place, there must be an efficient police force 
and they must have the complete co-operation of the police 
judges, in order that their efforts be not wasted. It is also neces- 
sary that there be co-operation between the police judges and the 
health department in order that proper arrangements may be 
made for medical examinations and investigations by probation 
officers. A report of the Women's Court of San Francisco for 
October shows about 400 cases; whereas, after a program of 
repression had been undertaken, beginning November 1, ou]y 
about 150 cases appeared. 

"Most interesting of all is the report which we have from tlie 
military authorities that the number of exposures for soldiers in 
this region was only about one-half as large in November as it was 
in October, and the number of infections was decidedly decreased. 
AVhile we can not prove that this was directly due to repressive 
measures, it is at least distinctly suggestive, inasmuch as all other 
conditions which might be taken into consideration were approx- 
imately the same in both months. 

"It is also necessary, in attacking the problem, that we have the 
co-operation of the district attorney's office, in order that the 
work of the police and the police courts may be followed up by 
suits under the Redlight Abatement Law; otherwise, the work of 
the police will simply result in the scattering of the houses and 
the hiding of vice, and while this condition even will have its 
advantages, inasmuch as exposures will be cut down, it was for 
this particular purpose that the Abatement Law was proposed. 
This law has the effect of putting the responsibility upon the 
property owner, and under these conditions, results can only be 
obtained by making the property owner assume this responsibility. 

"In this connection, the bureau has on file a list of over thirty 
hotels in San Francisco which have been reported as sources of 
infection, either once or several times, by the Army and Navy; a 
large number of these have been raided more than once. 

"It would seem that no definite result can be obtained until at 
least a certain number of these places are convicted and pad- 
locked under the order of the court. 

"There is a definite need for detention homes where public 
women can be placed temporarily during which time careful 
mental examinations can be made, and probation officers can 
investigate and check up carefully the details of the life history 
of these women. The need for a system of identification should 
not be forgotten. 

"Attention should be called to the fact that while we are 
emphasizing the need for mental examinations and to the perman- 
nent confinement of the feeble-minded, there are at the present 
time in this state, over three hundred applications now on the 



36 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

waiting list for such institutions. There is an appropriation of 
$150,000 for a new institution to be placed in southern California ; 
there is also an appropriation of $12,500 to provide for three 
additional cottages, each of which will house fifty girls, at Glen 
Ellen. 

"It would seem advisable that every effort be made to make 
these places available as soon as possible. Many police judges 
have given as an excuse for not sentencing these women to jail 
that the jail was no place for them. It is apparent that there 
is some merit in this statement. It can serve no good purpose to 
place a feeble-minded youngster in jail for any reason; nor does 
it entirely serve the purpose to place in jail a person who is 
immoral and too ignorant to earn their living in a respectable 
manner. 

"In this connection, I should like to call your attention to the 
Bedford Hills Reformatory in New York, an institution to which 
it is possible to commit these women for periods of three years, 
during which time they are given vocational training and may 
be placed under parole by the board of managers. This institu- 
tion is built on the cottage plan, in order that all classes of 
offenders may be properly segregated. There is undoubtedly a 
crying need for such an industrial farm in this state. It can be 
seen that both the problem of control of venereal disease and the 
problem of prostitution is indeed a complex one. There is need 
of a vast amount of education in order that the public may know 
the dangers and the serious consequences of gonorrhoea and 
syphilis, in order that parents may educate and. restrain their 
children, and in order that physicians may recognize the health 
side and give their co-operation. The best results can be obtained 
only by complete co-operation of all officials who have to do with 
any portion of this problem. Success can not follow more than 
in a limited way the most active work at any one point. Every- 
one must realize the importance of this work at this time. Hun- 
dreds and thousands of cases come from various communities 
into our new draft army, and it has taken time and used up much 
money to get these men into physical condition to begin their 
service; and unless communities act decisively in the next draft, 
more will be wasted. An idea can be gotten of what this means. 

"In November I paid a visit to Camp Kearny. There were at 
that time 650 cases of venereal disease on their sick list. Many 
of these meant M^eeks of work for the camp physician. At times 
in the armies abroad, more men have been disabled from venereal 
disease than from all sorts of war wounds. The fact that from 
ten to twenty per cent of our insane in institutions are there on 
account of syphilis and that this is preventable, is in itself an 
economic reason for this work. It has been shown that in the 
state of California it costs over $160,000 a year to take care of 
the syphilitic insane. 

"In a recent report of the Oregon Social Hygiene Association, 
it was claimed that $200,000 per year had been saved through 
their work in the prevention of venereal diseases and in gain in 
productive labor; that from $75,000 to $100,000 a year had been 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 37 

saved to the people by the eliminating of objectionable advertis- 
ing by quack doctors. It was also claimed that an inestimable 
sum was saved by the prevention of blindness in children, oper- 
ations npon women and prevention of general paresis." 

In an effort to secure the fullest co-operation of district attorneys, 
police judges and peace officers in all parts of the state, the following 
resolutions recently were adopted at a meeting of the ^Military Wel- 
fare Commission and sent to all such officials : 

"Whereas, Many men, on examination for admission to the 
Army or Navj-, are found to be wholly or partially incapacitated 
for war service by syphilis or gonorrhoea, having contracted these 
diseases under conditions heretofore permitted to exist in civil 
communities, and, in accordance with the statement just received 
from the Council of National Defense, the incapacitation of men 
in thirty-one cantonments from syphilis and gonorrhoea has cost 
the government more money to keep them during the period of 
hospital confinement that is recjuired to maintain the entire com- 
mand of 20,859 men at Camp Dix, plus an additional sum for 
medical treatment ; and 

"Whereas, The program of the War and Navy Departments 
for preventing the lowering of the efficiency of our fighting forces 
through venereal diseases includes the active enforcement by 
civilian agencies of all laws looking to the repression of prosti- 
tution; now, therefore, be it 

"Resolved, That we, the California ^lilitary Welfare Commis- 
sion and representatives of the United States Army and Navy, 
the United States Public Health Service, the State Board of 
Health, and the city and county officials of the San Francisco Bay 
region, in meeting assembled, call upon judges, district attorneys, 
police, sheriffs and public officials in California concerned in the 
enforcement of laws aimed at the repression of prostitution or 
allied offenses to enforce all such laws, including the Red Light 
Abatement Act, with energy and persistence ; and be it further 

"Resolved, That to bring about the effective control of prosti- 
tution and venereal disease through modern methods, a detention 
home and probation officers and social service workers should be 
provided in the larger cities so that persons arrested for prostitu- 
tion or allied offenses maj^ receive proper investigation, and 
physical and mental examination under favorable circumstances, 
and suitable accommodations should be available for isolation and 
treatment of infectious cases among such persons ; and be it 
further 

"Resolved, That there is a crying need for immediate enlarge- 
ment of the capacity of the state institutions providing perman- 
ent custodial care for the feeble-minded, as many prostitutes now 
at large are mentally very deficient and for this reason can not 
be adequately controlled by any other measure than commitment 
to an institution ; and be it further 

"Resolved, That there is need for a state industrial colony to 
which individuals arrested for prostitution or allied offenses could 



38 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

be committed for the purpose of giving them vocational training 
and rendering them self -supporting in a legitimate occupation; 
and be it further 

"Besolved, That there should be a definite educational cam- 
paign in which emphasis is placed on the facts that continence 
is compatible with health and is the best single preventive of 
venereal disease, and on the danger of venereal diseases and their 
destruetiveness. 

In conclusion regarding the work of the Military Welfare Commis- 
sion, it should be stated that its efforts in the suppression of com- 
mercialized prostitution have also been inclusive of highly effective 
results in the rehabilitation of its victims. Toward this end there have 
or are being established in practically all of the larger cities of the 
state so-called "homes" in which this humanitarian phase of welfare 
work is l)eing carried forward with splendid results. 

Farm loans. 

Early last August as a result of requests from many sources for 
financial aid for farmers in bringing about increased crop production 
and in the development of hitherto undeveloped lands, the State Coun- 
cil of Defense made comprehensive investigation into ways and means 
of providing farm loans in such cases. Information was sought on 
the subject from inimerous sources, among them the United States 
Department of Agriculture and from the state agricultural depart- 
ments of numerous other states in the Union. This inquiry also was 
conducted through county farm advisers in nineteen of the principal 
agricultural producing counties of California. 

Through county farm advisers many individual cases of applica- 
tions and reputed needs for farm loans were investigated. In all, 
about one hundred cases were gone into thoroughly. Because they 
are indicative of conditions which prevail practically throughout the 
entire state. I am citing herewith excerpts from reports made to us 
by several of the county farm advisers. 

The following letter is from William B. Parker, county farm 
adviser of Riverside County : 

State Conucil of Defense: 

Answering your letter of October 4, will state that after talking 
the matter over with bankers and other informed people, I have 
come to the opinion that a man who has integrity and is good 
enough risk to warrant the state loaning him funds can obtain 
money from the local banks, and a man who can not obtain money 
from the banks would not be a good risk for the state. 

Signed: Wm. B. Parker. 



REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 39 

Another letter also indicative of the real conditions which exist, is 
from C. M. Connors, county farm adviser for Stanislaus County, which 
is as follow.s : 

Siafe Council of Defense: 

In reply to your letter of October 4, relative to matters eon- 
cerning the financing* of farmers who are unable to secure funds 
to carry on their farm. operations, Avould say that in the capacity 
of farm adviser of this county, I have taken occasion to ask the 
farmers at all meetings whether or not there was any one present 
who needed such assistance — in other words whether they were 
able to secure the money needed from local banks or otherwise, and 
up to this time I have had no specific cases brought to my atten- 
tion. 

Signed: C. M. Connors. 

Another answer from Carl J. Williams, county farm adviser of Sac- 
ramento County, is as follows : 

>>tafe Council of Defense: 

It has been my experience in this county that practically all the 
farmers who need money and can not obtain it from the banks 
are farmers of little experience and as a general rule poor man- 
agers. Practically any bank in Sacramento is willing to loan 
money to an experienced and good farmer. I have had several 
requests from farmers who wished to borrow money, but in most 
cases they are farmers who had little or no experience in farming 
on a large scale, have practically nothing to back them and wish 
to grow crops on very poor land where the chances of winning are 
small. If they were good farmers, I do not believe that they would 
chance their money on the land they wish to farm. 

As a part of the investigation into the need of farm loans Mr. David 
F. Lane, general manager of the Turlock Growers' Association, which 
probably is the largest 'co-operative organization of farmers in exist- 
ence and which has more than 1,200 members, volunteered his services 
and in conjunction with this office made further investigations into the 
need of farm loans. Mr. Lane's findings in the big majority of cases 
were similar to those of farm advisers, viz: That there were few, if 
any cases where a man has a reputation for integrity and industrious- 
ness 'and is a good enough risk to warrant the state loaning him funds 
he can readily secure money from the local banks and that a man who 
can not obtain money from local banks would not be a good risk for 
the state. 

It should be stated at this time that banks throughout the state are 
endeavoring to give wholehearted co-operation to both the state and 
national councils of defense in the work of increased crop production 
and wherever possible money is being provided under the most liberal 
arrangement for carrying on the production of increased crops. 



40 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

Four Minute speakers. 

Co-operatinii' with the national .uovci-iimciit and under the direction 
of William V. Cowan, State Chairman, an organization known as Cali- 
fornia's Four ^linute Men, has l)een organized in said state. Approx- 
imately one thousand speakens, both men and women, all of whom are 
prominently identified in the life of the community where they are 
contributing their services, are enrolled in the Four Minute Men's 
organization. Under the direction of county chairmen all of the lifty- 
eight counties in the state now have such organizations. 

Since their organization and under the direction of the Bureau of 
Public Information at Washington, D. C, California's Four Minute 
Men have conducted .state-wide speaking campaigns on aprpoximately 
twenty subjects, all of which are intimately connected with the 
nation's war work. Some of the su])jects covered l)y the Four Minute 
speakers are : 

Food Conservation. 

Second Liberty Loan. 

Maintaining Morals and ^Morale. 

Carrying the Message. 

War Recreation. 

Y. M. C. A. War Fund. 

Red Cross Drive. 

Sinileage Books. 

The Ship Builders. 

War Savin g.s Stamps. 

Eyes for the Navy. 

The Danger to Democracy. 

In the work of the Four ^linute ]Men the co-operation given liy the 
owners of motion picture theaters throughout the state has played a 
prominent part in the success of the campaigns undertaken. In prac- 
tically every city and town of the state motion picture theater owners 
have permitted Four Minute speakers to appear before their audiences 
to speak upon war subjects. Not only have motion picture theaters 
been utilized luit the Four Minute Men have gone into schoolhouses, 
into churches, into factories, and on numerous occasions have held 
outdoor meetings in the carrying of their 'AVar ^Messages"' to the 
public. 



HEPOKT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 41 

Following arc the county chairnicn of Four Minute spcakci-s in the 
various counties of the state : 

Countj' ChaiiniiUi County Chainiiau 

Alameda Rev. \Vm. Nat Friend C)range Judge W. H. Thomas 

Alameda Ford E. Samuel Placer Geo. McAulay 

Alameda Louis Bartlett, Esq. Plumas Judge M. C. Kerr 

Alpine Hon. L. T. Price Riverside Hon. S. C. Evans 

Amador Hon. F. V. Wood Sacramento J. Fontaine Johnson 

Butte John Briscoe San Benito Geo. H. Moore 

Calaveras F. G. Stevenot San Bernardino R. L. Riley 

Colusa Judge Ernest Weyand San Diego Judge J. Edw. Keating 

Contra Costa Hon. \M11 Sharkey San Francisco Jesse Steinhart 

Del Norte Judge J. L. Childs San Francisco Thos. H. Gehrken 

El Dorado Clifton H. Wildman San Joaquin W. H. Normand 

Fresno Hon. M. B. Harris San Luis Obispo R. W. Putnam 

Glenn Dr. W. H. Walker San Mateo F. L. Eksward 

Humboldt Chas. F. Gorman M. B. Johnson 

Imperial Phil D. Swing Santa Barbara Hon. S. E. Crow 

Inyo A. H. Swallow Santa Clara Henry W. McComas 

Kern L. E. Chenowith Santa Cruz W. P. Netherton 

Kings Frank B. Graves Shasta Oscar Geballe 

Lake H. B. Churchill Sierra Henry B. Neville 

Lassen J. A. Pardee Siskiyou C. J. Luttrell 

Los Angeles Marshall Stim.son Solano Judge W. T. O'Donnell 

Madera Jos. Barcroft Sonoma R. L. Thompson 

Marin Stanislaus T. B. Scott 

Mariposa Hon. J. J. Trabucco Sutter Judge K. S. Mahon 

Mendocino Curtis A. Miller Tehama W. A. Fish 

Merced Cvrus Croop Trinity Judge Jas. W. Bartlett 

Modoc D. B. Robnett Tulare W. W. Middlecoff 

Mono Judge Pat R. Parker Tuolumne Hon. J. B. Curtin 

Monterey J. H. Anderson Ventura Chas. F. Blackstock 

Napa Dr. Arthur Chisholm Yolo Hon. W. A. Anderson 

Nevada Judge Geo. L. Jones Yuba Ray Manwell 

Department of Publicity. 

Assuming' its duties practically coincident with the organization of 
the State Council of Defense the department of publicity has closely 
adhered to its designated work of interpreting to the public the aims 
and plans of the committee in carrying out educational propaganda. 
In conducting this work the plan was adopted of making this depart- 
ment so far as possible, a clearing house for all news relating to gen- 
eral war activities, having their inception in both the national and 
.state councils of defense. There are, of course, well known established 
avenues through which publicity is usually disseminated and these 
have been made use of. But other methods of keeping the public 
juformed have been sought and used with good etfect. 

The activities of the various committees of the State Council of 
Defense having been entrusted to the direction of recognized experts. 
It has been the function of the pul)licity department to keep in touch 
with the details being done by these various committees. In this way 
it has been able to supph' timely news announcements to the press and 
to enlist state-wide co-operation with the separate committees. It also 
has rendered occasional service in an advisory capacity to other organ- 
izations, both federal and state, which are engaged in war work. 

To date more than 500 separate news stories covering every phase 
of the state council's undertaking have been furnished to the news- 
papers of the state. The department has organized, through generous 
co-operation of the publisher, a system wdiereby the columns of approx- 



42 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

imately 530 newspapers in the state are at the state council's service to 
convey important news and facts to the public. This system has been 
of great value in promoting the activities of various departments, 
particularly campaigns for increased crop production, for food con- 
servation and prevention of waste and similar important projects. 

In the handling of publicity propaganda our publicity department 
has confined itself largely to three separate mediums as follows : 

First : Utilization of telegraphic news service for stories pos- 
sessing basic news value. 

Second: Semi-weekly newsletters covering all newspapers in the 
state. 

Third: Special articles for the Sunday magazine sections of 
newspapers and for agricultural journals and sim- 
ilar publications. 

Since April 6, 1917, when the publicity department was established, 
it has sent out an average of 4,000 pieces of mail matter each month 
and in addition has supplied an average of probably four stories each 
week for telegraphic news consumption. Regarding the results 
obtained, systematic check kept through the medium of our clipping 
service shows that more than 50 per cent of the 530 newspapers in the 
state have used every story sent out ; this in the face of the fact that 
every newspaper in the state received daily an average of 1,231 linear 
inches of free publicity matter relative to war work from numerous 
sources for which free publication is sought. 

Figuring on a basis of two cents a line, adverti.sing space worth 
more than a quarter of a million dollars has been contributed by news- 
papers in California to war publicity propaganda sent out by the State 
Council since April 6 of last year. This estimate is not inclusive of 
war publicity emanating from two score or more government depart- 
ments in AVashington which are actively co-operating in the govern- 
ment's war program, nor does it include the space contributed by Cali- 
fornia editors to the two Liberty Loan drives, Red Cross campaigns 
and similar patriotic projects. 

Estimating that each of the many government bureaus secured one- 
fourth as much space for its war publicity matter as has been con- 
tributed to the State Council of Defense, the total value of newspaper 
space given by California newspapers to the carrying on of war work 
exceeds $2,500,000 — or approximately $4,900 for each newspaper. 
These facts and figures speak for themselves as to the unstinted 
patriotism which prevails both individually and collectively among 
editors in California. 

Recently, in an endeavor to secure suggestions which might be of 
value in the preparation of war work publicity, letters were sent to 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 43 

every newspaper editor in the state askinu' them to make eritieisms 
and to offer suggestions on the service being given at that time. 
Except in less than a dozen instances where it was suggested that our 
articles should 1)e made shorter, the text of all answers received were 
highly commendatory of cur service. 

During November, 1917, upon the specific rccpiest of the Council 
of National Defense, Leo C. Owen, director of our publicity department, 
furnished to Washington information regarding the metliods used in 
the handling of publicity for the California State Council of Defense. 
In a recent bulletin issued by the Council of National Defense to all 
other state councils the methods used in California together with sug- 
gestions from our publicity director were recommended for use b.v 
all other state councils ; in fact the suggestions made by our director 
of publicity furnished the entire text of the advisory bulletin sent to 
other state councils by the Council of National Defense. 

Public security. 

At times when near-by states have been the scenes of successful 
periDetration of destructive enemy plots, and while mueii nation-wide 
excitement prevailed over the reported operations of enemy allies, 
and of organizations opposed to the successful carrying out of our 
war program, California has been gratifyingiy free from such overt 
demonstrations and acts. Inasmuch as the facts regarding our oper- 
ations on this score are well known to yourself. I do not deem it 
advisable in this report to go too fully into the activities in which 
we have engaged. Much of the credit, however, for our own favor- 
able conditions, I believe may be claimed for our council. Through 
well organized and highly effective mediums, we have kept in imme- 
diate toucli with what, in other states, has frequently developed into 
the forming of dangerous situations. By working in conjunction 
with federal authorities, we also have been of much service in the 
detention of a large number of enemy aliens by government authori- 
ties. 

There has been recently organized in each of the 58 counties, a 
Loyalty Committee, which already is actively and definitely engaged 
in the stamping out of disloyalists and seditionists, and which, on sev- 
eral occasions, have furnished information which has been of unques- 
tionable value to government authorities. 

In addition to the establishment of Loyalty connnittees, there also 
has been established as a part of the State Council of Defense a so- 
called "Intelligence Division," which is in close touch with volunteer 
intelligence agents in every county in the state. This intelligence 
division at the present time and for sometime past has been working 



44 REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

ill close fo-operation with the Department of Justice and with the 
I'liited States Army and the United States Naval Intelligence bureaus 
with satisfactory results. 

Survey of county defense work. 

Ill order that an efficient check might be made upon war work done 
in each of the 58 counties of the state, there was sent out from this 
office during November, 1917. a 12-page questionnaire, covering prac- 
tically all activities taken up by the county councils of defense to date, 
and asking for detailed information regarding the progress of such 
^\•ork in each county. 

Because of the Avide field of activities on which information was 
sought through these questionnaires and the necessity of securing re- 
ports from many different sources regarding the various fields of 
activity there has necessarily been some delay in their completion by 
the county councils. Of the 58 counties which were sent these ques- 
tionnaires, about 35 have filled them out and returned them, at the 
time of making this report. 

Analysis of these completed questionnaires already returned show 
that with very few exceptions county councils of defense have faith- 
fully followed out the instructions given them in the various fields of 
activity dealt with in our bulletins and that war work has been carried 
forward to a commendable degree in all of the 35 counties which have 
completed their questionnaires. 

Counties which have not yet filled out and sent to us a detailed 
(luestionnaire. are in most ca.ses those which are largely populated 
and in which a survey of war activities necessitates considerable time 
and trouble in assembling the desired information. 

Petroleum. 

The creation of a special committee under the State Council of 
Defense to investigate the oil situation in California may be consid- 
ered one of the most important undertakings. The investigation was 
painstaking and thorough, and it is believed that the elaborate rej^ort 
made liy the committee will prove of no little value in solving the 
biggest problem of petroleum development in California. The com- 
mittee's report is one of unquestioned value, both local and national, 
and at the present time is being used by congressional committees in 
Washington as a reliable basis for the forming of legislative measures 
for the development of oil lands. 

Santa Cruz survey. 

At the special request of the War Department and financed by state 
council funds, a much needed and what the War Department officials 
say is a very valuable militarj^ survey of that region lying between 
Half ]\roon Bay and Santa Cruz, is being made at the present time. 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 45 

When eoiupleted, this survey will he productive of the first correctly 
di-awn niap.s governing' the military defenses of San Francisco, 
Oakland. Berkeley, and the region contiguous to San Francisco Bay. 
This survey was made at the urgent request of General Seihert, Col- 
onel Coe, and Colonel Park of the Western Department of the United 
States Army. Military engineers estimated that the survey would cost 
$50,000. Professor Bailey Willis, acting for Stanford University, 
with the approval of the War Department, proposed to make this 
survey, using students as helpers, if an appropriation from the State 
Council cf Defense of $7000 could be made. Because, according to 
military authorities, neither funds nor engineers were available, and 
because they considered the completion of this survey a matter aft'ect- 
iug the military safety of the entire state of California, the State 
Council of Defense provided the necessary funds for its completion. 

Scientific research. 

The council's Committee on Scientific Eesearch, has made, and is 
nuiking, investigations of vast importance pertaining both to govern- 
ment war work and to public welfare. Because of the vast scope of the 
work already done by that committee, I must refer you for informa- 
tion to the report rendered by its acting chairman, Dr. John C. 
Merriam, made at the Sacramento confcn-euce of the State Council 
of Defense. 

So thorough has been the work. of this conmiittee that Dr. Merriam 
has been summoned to Washington to organize for the national gov- 
ernment a committee to work along similar lines, and to formulate 
plans for the direct organization of similar committees in other states. 

Draft registration. 

Under the direction of Kali>h P. ]\lerritt. Registrar of the University 
of California, now Federal Food Administrator for California, reg- 
istration of all males in California liable to military service, under 
the Federal Draft Act, Avas accomplished in an unusually expeditious 
and thorough manner. California Wcis one of the first two states in 
the Union to report to the President that draft registration had been 
completed. 

Enlistments. 

Through its county councils of defense and the medium of state- 
wide publicity and propaganda, enlistments for military service have 
been greatly stimulated in numy portions of the state and vast assist- 
ance has been given to both army and navy authorities on this score. 

War inventions. 

Because of the large number of war invention ideas submitted to 
it, there was organized last June a special committee to consider such 



46 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

inventions, known as the Committee on Engineering and Inventions 
and twenty of the best known scientists and engineers of California 
were induced to serve as members of this committee, which to date has 
passed upon practically 500 drawings, models and ideas for inventions 
which Avere intended to help in the winning of the war. The com- 
mittee has on numerous occasions recommended inventive ideas to the 
United States War Department for consideration. 

Co-operation with federal departments. 

At all times since its organization the California State Council of 
Defense has endeavored to co-operate to the fullest extent with the 
several government departments in Washington which are most 
actively engaged in the direction of war work. In so far as we have 
been able to learn, the California State Council was the first of its kind 
to be organized after the declaration of war. Immediately upon its 
organization it allied itself with the Council of National Defense and 
has been from its inception a decentralized unit of the national organ- 
ization. 

One of the most successful and far-reaching campaigns carried on in 
California upon the specific request of the Council of National Defense 
has been for the reduction of deliveries by business houses. The suc- 
cess of this work might be sununarized by the statement that there is 
not a city or town in the entire state with a population of 4,000 or 
more whose merchants have not adopted either the one or two-delivery- 
a-day program or the co-operative method of deliveries. In San 
Francisco not only the Retail Dry Goods Association but also the 
Retail Grocery Association with a membership of more than 1.100' 
grocers have enthusiastically taken up the campaign for and pledged 
themselves to the reduced delivery program. In Los Angeles splendid 
results have also been obtained. The Council of National Defense, not 
only in communication to our California state council but through the 
public press, has on numerous occasions declared that California led 
the entire United States in carrying out the curtailed delivery pro- 
gram. In the nation-wide movement to organize a Ignited States Pub- 
lic Service Reserve, with this organization to direct the energies of all 
patriotically inclined citizens who volunteer tlieir services. California 
is now carrying on an aggressive campaign. Upon the recommenda- 
tion of the Executive Committee of the state council Arthur P. AYills. 
head of the Legislative Council Bureau at SacranuMito. has been 
appointed California State Director of the United States Public Ser- 
vice Reserve and is now engaged in the state-wide organization and 
carrying on of the work of that bodv. 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 47 

Shipbuilding registration. 

Toward a.s.sistiii<i- llie national government in the speeding u]) of the 
shipbuilding industry there was recently appointed by the State 
Council of Defense a so-called "Shipbuilding" Connnittee. coinj)osed 
of the following: 

Edward Christenson, of the firm of Sudden & Christensou, 
shipbuilders as representative of shipl)uilding employers. 

P. H. ^McCarthy, President of the State Building Trades Coun- 
cil and well known labor leader, as representative of ship workers. 

F. W. Kellogg, publisher of the San Francisco Call and Post, 
as a representative publisher of California. 

C. L. Cory, Dean of the College of ^Mechanics, of tlie university, 
as a representative educator in skilled craftsmen. 

W. H. HoLABiRD. of Los Augeles. as southern California repre- 
sentative of the committee. 

Mrs. Frank A. (Jibson, honorary chairman of the Wonum's 
Committee of the National and State Councils of Defense, as a 
representative of Avomen's organizations. 

In the registration and enrollment of workers for a National Ship- 
building Reserve, the California State Council of Defense directed the 
campaign in California, enlisting the aid of county councils of defense, 
of the federal and .state free employment bureaus and of other organ- 
izations and individuals, and through these means successfully enrolled 
considerably more than its cjuota in the national drive to list the names 
of 250,000 of such reserve workers. 

Indicative of the high api)roval given by the V. S. Sliipping Board 
to the work done in California by the State Council of Defense in 
securing the registration of shipyard volunteers is a personal letter 
sent by Edward N. Hurley, chairman of the Itoard. to Leo C. Owen, 
our director of publicity, which is as follows: 

My dear ]\lr. Owen: 

Mr. D. ^I. Reynolds, of Los Angeles, California, who has been 
in charge of our nation-wide publicity drive to secure shipyard 
volunteers, has outlined to me the work which >ou are doing in 
California. 

Permit me in thanking you personally for tlie ti'uly remarkable 
results obtained, to point out to you that the war de]iends upon 
these ships and these ships depend upon the spirit which you have 
created — a spirit throughout this nation, Avhich more than any 
one thing, will give to our armies in France the necessary support 
which they not only must have, but must have on time. 

Thanking you sincerely for what you have done and will con- 
tinue to do. I remain, 

Yours most truly. 

(Signed) EDWARD N. HURLEY, Chairman. 
U. S. Shipping Board. 



48 REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

Commended by National Council. 

ludicative of the viewpoint of the Council of National Defense of 
Avork done in California by our state council are the following excerpts 
from communications received from that body on different occasions. 
Under date of December 18, following a report by this body regarding 
the organization of our county councils of defense, the national coun- 
cil writes as follows : 

"Permit us to congratulate you on the achieveme7it of the Cal- 
ifornia State Council and to thank you for the clear manner in 
which the facts are presented. Your report demonstrates con- 
clusively the excellent results which are obtainable when county 
councils of defense are well organized to carry out the requests of 
the state council." 

Under date of December 20, the national council writes: 

"We await with interest your complete report on county coun- 
cils activities which we trust will be available as soon as the 
answers to your questionnaires have been returned. The ques- 
tionnaires, if fully answered, will give an exceedingly complete and 
clear picture of all county council work. We are planning issu- 
ing a program for local organization the latter part of January 
and your report will be of much assistance in this." 

Indicative of the opinion of the national council toward our pub- 
licity department is an excerpt from its letter of December 1, as fol- 
lows : 

"At the request of several state councils of defense we are get- 
ting out a series of publicity stories on what war preparations 
have already been made. You have received the first two or three 
of these articles. As an expert on these subjects we should 
appreciate your absolutely frank opinion as to their merits. What 
modifications or changes would you suggest in subsequent articles 
of this series?" 

Under date of November 20. regarding the first issue of the Califor- 
nia War Bulletin, the national council writes as follows : 

"Allow us to congratulate you on the first issue of the Califor- 
nia War Bulletin, which we have just received. The make-up of 
this paper is admirably clear and effective. The definiteness of 
the information contained and the variety of subjects treated 
should make the periodical exceedingly valuable to many organ- 
izations." 

On September 21, regarding the campaign for reduced deliveries in 
California, the national council writes: 

"We wish to congratulate you upon the very gratifying report 
of the restricted delivery problem contained in your letter of 



REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OP DEPENSE. 49 

September 14. The writer adds his personal thanks for your 
efforts to promote these changes. 

"Our recommendations have been adopted in many cities and 
in numerous other places are under consideration. In no state, 
however, has the movement contained the momentum it has 
reached in California. We appreciate that this is due to your 
active co-operation. It is enabling us to use California as an 
example to what can be accomplished by proper effort." 

On September 20, after having received a report from the state 
council briefly reviewing some of its activities the national council 
writes : 

"We beg to acknowledge receipt of the enlightening and com- 
prehensive report of the California State Council of Defense on 
August 1, 1917. This report provides us in a most convenient 
form with that information aliout your council which we find so 
necessary in our work of acting as a clearing house between the 
states and effecting co-operation between the state councils and the 
various departments of the federal government. It is particu- 
larly gratifying to receive a report Avhich is not only compre- 
hensive but which displays an encouraging wealth of activities and 
achievements." 

Summary. 

Detailed information covering all the activities of the State Council 
of Defense is impossible because of space limitations. The activities 
covered in this report are only the more important ones in which we 
have engaged. 

Summarizing our entire field of activities, the following is a record 
to which we point with pride and with which we challenge comparison 
with any state in the Union : 

1. By co-ordinating existing state, federal and numerous other 

agencies, by creating a State Farm Labor Bureau and by 
enlisting the aid of thousands of high school boys and city 
dwellers as vacation-time farm workers, w'e assisted in pre- 
venting a serious loss of crops in California because of a 
nationally prevalent farm labor shortage. 

2. Through the agencies of the College of Agriculture and of the 

University of California, the county councils of defense and 
county farm advisers in the principal agricultural counties 
of the state, and by statewide publicity propaganda, we 
assisted materially in causing 80 per cent of California far- 
mers to increase their crop production more than 30 per cent. 
The value of California's crops for 1917 is $650,000,000, an 
increase of 50 per cent over the valuation placed upon 1916 
crops. 



50 REPORT OP STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 

3. We established in each of the oS counties of the state, aggres- 

sive and efficient county councils of defense. California was 
one of the very first states in the Union to organize a State 
Council of Defense after war was declared and the first to 
organize county councils. The method of organization fol- 
lowed here has been adopted in numerous other states. 

4. Co-operated in and financed the organization and activities of 

the AVomen's Committee of the National and State Councils 
of Defense, forming units in every county in the state and 
aiding materially in consolidating and co-ordinating in each 
county for war work all women's organizations. Prior to the 
appointment of a Federal Food Administrator for California 
the Women's Committee of the State Council secured more 
than 60,000 food pledges. 

5. Secured the enactment of legislation permitting irrigation com- 

panies to supply water upon application to growers outside 
their prescribed districts for the period of the war without 
affecting their legal rights in such cases. By reason of this 
special legislation thousands of acres were put under suc- 
cessful cultivation. 

6. Organized in counties, committees which are aggressively 

engaged in secret service investigation and in the suppres- 
sion of disloyalty and sedition. 

7. Financed and directed, upon the urgent request of the United 

States War Department, a complete military survey for the 
protection of the entire San Francisco coast region lying 
between Half ]\Ioon Bay and Santa Cruz. The military maps 
from this survey are the only ones in the possession of the 
United States War Department. 

8. Directed and paid for a complete investigation and report on the 

petroleum industrj^ in California. The value of the Thelan 
report can best be estimated through the fact that it is noAV 
being used by Congress in framing oil land legislation affect- 
ing California and other government-owned oil landholdings. 

9. Financed and aided the Avork of the Bureau of Registration 

which carried through the draft registration in this state. 
California was the second state in the Union to report its 
draft registration completed. 

10. Secured the organization of a Committee on Engineering and 
Invention composed of 20 of the most eminent engineers and 
scientists in the state. This committee alreadv has examined 



REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 51 

into more than 500 inventive ideas and has on nnmerons 
occasions recommended inventions to the government for fur- 
ther consideration. 

n. Prepared and sent out to all (*ount\' councils of defense a total 
of 61 bulletins giving- instructions for the carrying on of 56 
different lines of war activities practically all of which have 
been carried to the point of successful developnu^nt. 

12. Recently iuaugiirated a comprehensive survey of all war work 
being carried on by each county council of defense. 

lo. Inaugurated and directed in Calilnrnia the national govern- 
ment's campaign for reduced deliveries of merchandise. 
Ever>- city in California with a population of four thousand 
or more has adopted the reduced delivery movement. 

14. Thi'ough the College of Agriculture of the University of Cali- 

fornia, caused to be made a topographically descriptive list 
of developed and undeveloped lands in the state not now 
under cultivation and furnished information regarding such 
lands to persons wishing to take up farming. 

15. Through our Connnittee on ^lanufactories, made a complete sur- 

vey of manufacturing and other industries which might be 
of use to the government for war piu'poses. This survey 
includes all available machinery which might be converted 
to uses for war purposes as well as a listing of the manufac- 
turing capacities of industries which nrc needed by the gov- 
ernment in the present war. 

16. Organized, financed and directed through our secretary, who is 

state chairman, the activities of the Four-^Iinute Men of 
California. ^lore than 900 speakers throughout the state are 
now enrolled as members and have particii)ated in the Lib- 
erty Loan, Food Pledge and other campaigns. 

17. Organized and financed the activities of the Military Welfare 

Commission. One of the activities of this commission, work- 
ing in co-operation with the State Board of Health, has been 
the detention and medical treatment of more than 2,000 
women of the underworld. 

lb. Urged upon the U. S. Department of the Interior the opening 
for grazing purposes of sections of Yosemite National Park. 
As a result of this action governmental authorities have since 
thrown open portions of practically all national parks for 
grazing. 



52 REPORT OF STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE. 

19. We sent members of our council to Arizona where they nego- 

tiated a long standing controversy and secured the joint 
building between California and Arizona landowners of a 
weir to protect the great Imperial Valley from floods and 
consequent destruction of millions of dollars worth of crops. 

20. As a result of suggestions by Dr. Kay Lyman Wilbur, we took 

up and secured congressional legislation suspending for the 
period of the war assessments on mining claims for those who 
had enlisted. 

21. Through the co-operation of the State Highway Commission, 

we secured surveys and maps of existing highways, valuable 
for military purposes and placed this data in the hands of 
the United States War Department. 

22. Upon request from the Council of National Defense, furnished 

to that body, through our Publicity Director, suggestions re- 
garding the most effective methods for securing war pub- 
licity. These suggestions in their entirety are used by the 
Council of National Defense in a recent bulletin sent out for 
the guidance of other state councils of defense. 

23. By co-operating with the College of Agriculture of the Univer- 

sity of California and by state-wide publicity propaganda, 
secured appropriations in nine additional counties for the 
appointment of county farm advisers. A total of 30 counties 
now have farm advisers in this state. 

2-1. We caused to be made a complete inspection, Avith a view to 
eliminating fire danger and securing protection of every food 
and grain warehouse in the state. 

25. Secured for the United States War Department the co-opera- 

tion of county surveyors in the making of a state-wide mili- 
tary survey and for the furnishing of topographical and other 
data valuable for military purposes. 

26. Through county councils of defense secured the formation in 

counties of Enlisted Men's Business Aid Committees, through 
which banks and county bar associations will provide, with- 
out charge, business and legal services to soldiers and sailors. 
These committees also are taking up the ground work for the 
rehabilitation of returned soldiers. 

27. Prior to the appointment of a Federal Food Administrator for 

California, through the Women's Committee of the State 
Council and by publicity propaganda, conducted a food-sav- 
ing campaign which resulted in a state-wide decrease in gar- 



REPORT OF STATE COITNCIL OF DEFENSE. 53 

hage of more than 40 per cent. In tlie city of San Francisco 
alone the daily <i'arbag'e supply has been cut from 515 tons 
daily to less than 400 tons, thereby effecting' a saving of prac- 
ticrdly 3.450 tons of foodstuffs monthly. 

28. Inaugurated and secured, under the direction of Mrs. Frances 

I\I. C. Harmon, member of the State Library Board, the estab- 
lishment in all public libraries in the state (more than 2,500) 
of special bureaus for war information. These bureaus are 
supplying daily to the public reliable information on prac- 
tically every subject dealing with the war and already have 
been agencies for the distribution of thousands of pamphlets 
on increased food i)roduction and food conservation. 

29. Through our Connnittee on transportation, through pu])licity 

propaganda and by co-operation with the Railroad War 
Board of the National Council of Defense, secured state-wide 
co-operation of shippers in the fullest utilization of car space 
and the prompt loading and unloading of freight cars. 

30. Inaugurated the idea of "wheatless" and "meatless" days as 

an effective means of food conservation. California was the 
first state in the Union to conduct a campaign along these 
lines. 

31. Secured the organization of and directed the work of the 

Committee on Scientific Research. So successful has been the 
work of this committee that its chairman, Dr. John C. Mer- 
riam, has been summoned to Washington to organize along 
similar lines and direct the initial work of ;i, national research 
committee. 

32. Co-operating with the United States War Department, conducted 

a state-wide campaign which would insure the taking out of 
necessary war risk insurance by all enlisted men. 

33. Organized and made available to federal bureaus in emergency 

the services of more than 3,000 volunteer iiitelligence agents. 
This report is respectfully submitted. 
Yours most truly, 

STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, 
By A. H. Naftzger, Vice Chairman. 



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